No person may operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another
This applies to both air and ground operations
No person may assault, threaten, intimidate, or interfere with a crew-member in the performance of the crew member's duties aboard an aircraft being operated
Additionally, minimum safe altitudes are established to provide a buffer in the event of emergency
Dropping Objects:
B-2 Dropping Ordnance
No pilot in command of a civil aircraft or small Unmanned Aircraft System may allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or property
Neither FAR 91.15 or FAR 107.23 prohibits the dropping of any object if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property
B-2 Dropping Ordnance
The use of suction cups, or other temporary methods of attachment (not including permanent mechanical attachments to the aircraft), would not be considered a modification to the aircraft
However, be cautious with sunction cups as you climb in altitude and the ambient pressure drops, eventually equalling that of the suction, resulting in release
Minimum Safe Altitudes:
Minimum safe altitudes incorporate three key components:
Emergency landing considerations
Vertical distance
Horizontal distance
Consider the Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) for any area you're operating within
flying at the MEF guarantees you a minimum of 100' of clearance from all-terrain and obstacles in the quadrant
Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no person may operate an aircraft below:
Anywhere:
An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface
Over Congested Areas:
Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons, an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft (except for takeoff and landing)
Pay attention to the concept of a congested area, that being places where gatherings of people is likely, and not just what a yellow area depicted on a sectional may highlight
Remote pilots and recreational flyers should carefully consider the hazards of flight operations over or near people. 14 CFR Part 107, subpart D, Operations Over Human Beings, allows certain Operations Over People (OOP) and vehicles, based upon four different operational categories of UA weight and construction, and the likely severity of injury to people on the ground, in the case of contact. Part 107 operators may request a waiver to these restrictions
Part 91 remote pilots may refer to restrictions and permissions, regarding flight over people, in their respective COAs
Recreational flyers should consider the safety of other persons when flying. 49 USC 44809(a)(2), Exception for Limited Recreational Operations of Unmanned Aircraft, requires recreational flyers to operate in accordance with the safety guidelines of an accepted CBO; these guidelines will usually include safety precautions for flight near people
For further information on the rules for flying over people or vehicles, see paragraph 11−4−6, Airspace Restrictions to Flight
Reference: 14 CFR Part 107, Subpart D, Operations Over Human Beings, 49 USC 44809(a)(2), Exception for Limited Recreational Operations of Unmanned Aircraft
Over Other Than Congested Areas:
An altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas
In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle (car or airplane), or structure
Legal interpretations suggests pilots must remain 500 feet from man-made items such as runway lighting and windsocks
Helicopters, Powered Parachutes, and Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft:
If the operation is conducted without hazard to persons or property on the surface:
A helicopter may be operated at less than the minimums prescribed above, provided each person operating the helicopter complies with any routes or altitudes specifically prescribed for helicopters by the FAA; and
A powered parachute or weight-shift-control aircraft may be operated at less than 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure
Minimum IFR Altitudes:
Mountains 2000, 4 NM
No mountains 1000, 4 NM
Minimum Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Altitudes:
No person may operate a small unmanned aircraft over a human being unless that human being is:
Directly participating in the operation of the small unmanned aircraft; or
Located under a covered structure or inside a stationary vehicle that can provide reasonable protection from a falling small unmanned aircraft
While specified distances and altitudes may be used to establish minimum safe altitudes, with the exception of what is necessary for takeoff and landing, also consider the suitability of the landing site, as many have been found in violation of FAR 91.119 because they should not have been landing where they chose (field, taxiway, etc.)
Unmanned Flight in the Vicinity of Manned Aircraft:
The pilot of any unmanned aircraft operation retains the ultimate responsibility to avoid manned aircraft traffic. UAS operators should remember that manned aircraft may fly below 400 feet AGL; examples include Other Information and Best Practices 11−8−1AIM 4/20/23 helicopters, agricultural aircraft, light civil aircraft, and military aircraft. UAS pilots must ensure they have unblocked visual access to both their UAS and the airspace around it; not seeing a manned aircraft due to blocked line of sight does not absolve the UAS pilot from responsibility for avoidance
Should public safety or emergency responder aircraft (e.g., police, fire suppression, helicopter emergency medical services) operations be interfered with by UAS, substantial fines can be levied on the UAS operators involved. Enforcement actions can include revocation or suspension of a pilot certificate, and up to a $20,000 civil penalty per violation
Maximum Safe Altitudes:
Maximum Small Unmanned Aircraft System Altitudes:
The altitude of the small unmanned aircraft cannot be higher than 400 feet above ground level, unless the small unmanned aircraft:
Is flown within a 400-foot radius of a structure; and
Does not fly higher than 400 feet above the structure's immediate uppermost limit
Jettisoning Fuel:
ATC must be advised if fuel dumping is to take place
Whenever practicable, fuel shall not be jettisoned (dumped) below an altitude of 6,000' above the terrain
Should weather or emergency conditions dictate jettisoning at a lower altitude, every effort shall be made to avoid populated areas
When under positive control, the PIC should advise the air traffic control facility that fuel will be jettisoned
ATC will broadcast or cause to be broadcast immediately and every 3 minutes thereafter on appropriate ATC and FSS radio frequencies the following:
ATC: "ATTENTION ALL AIRCRAFT, fuel dumping in progress over [location] at [altitude] by [type aircraft], [flight direction]"
Upon receipt of such a broadcast, pilots of aircraft affected, which are not on IFR flight plans or special VFR clearances, should clear the area specified in the advisory
Aircraft on IFR flight plans or special VFR clearances will be provided specific separation by ATC
At the completion of fuel dumping the pilot must advise ATC:
ATC: "ATTENTION ALL AIRCRAFT, fuel dumping by [type aircraft] terminated"
