Various types of air navigation aids are in use today, each serving a special purpose
Be aware of the possibility of momentary erroneous indications on cockpit displays when the primary signal generators for a ground-based navigational transmitter is inoperative
Disregard any navigation indication, regardless of its apparent validity, if the particular transmitter was identified by NOTAM or otherwise as unusable or inoperative
These aids have varied owners and operators, namely: the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the military services, private organizations, individual states and foreign governments
The FAA has the statutory authority to establish, operate, maintain air navigation facilities and to prescribe standards for the operation of any of these aids which are used for instrument flight in federally controlled airspace
On VFR Charts, information about radio aids to navigation (NAVAID) is boxed, as illustrated
When two or more radio aids in a general area have the same name with different frequencies, Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) channel numbers, or identification letters, and no misinterpretation can result, the name of the radio aid may be indicated only once within the identification box
Very High Frequency/Ultra High Frequency (VHF/UHF) Navigation Aid (NAVAID) names and identification boxes (shown in blue) take precedence
Only those items that differ (e.g., frequency, Morse Code) are repeated in the box in the appropriate color
The choice of separate or combined boxes is made in each case on the basis of economy of space and clear identification of the radio aids
A NAVAID that is physically located on an airport may not always be represented as a typical NAVAID symbol
A small open circle indicates the NAVAID location when collocated with an airport icon
The type of NAVAID will be identified by: "VOR," (VHF Omni-Directional Range) "VORTAC" (VOR Tactical Aircraft Control) or "VORDME," (VOR-Distance Measuring Equipment) positioned on and breaking the top line of the NAVAID box
Navigation:
Yoke Mounted iPad Stand
Flight outside of the local area requires some degree of Flight Planning
Aviation is inherently unpredictable, requiring adaptability
Certain instances will call for a change of plans and diversions