Right of Way
Right of way rules establish standard actions for pilots of aircraft operating in the same area from colliding with one another.
Right of Way
Introduction to Right of Way
- When weather conditions permit, regardless of whether an operation is conducted under IFR or VFR, vigilance shall be maintained by each person operating an aircraft so as to see-and-avoid other aircraft
- When a rule of this section gives another aircraft the right-of-way, the pilot shall give way to that aircraft and may not pass over, under, or ahead of it unless well clear
- Think: BIG "R" (BGAAR)
- Balloons
- Gliders
- Airship
- Airplanes/Rotor-craft
- Think: BIG "R" (BGAAR)
- An aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has the right-of-way over all other powered aircraft.
- Reinforce your understanding of Right of Way by completing the knowledge quiz and interactive scenario, comparing your performance with the applicable Airman Certification Standards, and reviewing the topic summary before moving on.
On This Page
- Right of Way Key Highlights
- Aircraft In Distress
- Converging Aircraft
- Approaching Head-on
- Overtaking
- Landing
- Water Operations
- Single and Formations of Aircraft
- Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems
- Right of Way Interactive Scenario
- Right of Way Knowledge Check
- Right of Way-Related Airman Certification Standards
- Right of Way Conclusion
- Right of Way References
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Right of Way
Right of Way Key Highlights
- Right-of-way rules establish aircraft operating priorities to reduce collision risk and improve traffic safety during flight operations.
- Pilots are responsible for maintaining vigilance and avoiding collisions regardless of aircraft operating priority.
- Aircraft in distress have the highest right-of-way priority over all other air traffic.
- When aircraft are converging at approximately the same altitude, the aircraft to the other’s right generally has the right-of-way.
- Aircraft being overtaken have the right-of-way, and overtaking aircraft must alter course to remain well clear.
- Gliders, balloons, airships, and towing aircraft may receive operational priority over powered heavier-than-air aircraft in certain situations.
- Aircraft on final approach or landing generally have right-of-way over aircraft operating on the surface or in flight.
- Pilots should use proper scanning techniques, radio communication, and situational awareness to identify potential traffic conflicts.
- Weather conditions, blind spots, traffic density, and cockpit workload can reduce a pilot’s ability to detect conflicting traffic.
- Understanding right-of-way rules improves collision avoidance, operational coordination, and overall flight safety.
Right of Way
Aircraft In Distress
- An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other traffic
Right of Way
Converging Aircraft
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Converging Aircraft - When aircraft of the same category are converging at approximately the same altitude, the aircraft to the other's right has the right-of-way. []
- If the aircraft are of different categories, refer to the BGAAR list above for right of way precedence
-
Converging Aircraft
Right of Way
Approaching Head-on
-
Approaching Head-on - When approaching head-on or near head-on each pilot shall alter course to the right. []
-
Approaching Head-on
Right of Way
Overtaking
-
Overtaking Another Aircraft - The aircraft that is being overtaken has the right of way
- Each pilot of an overtaking aircraft shall alter course to the right to pass well clear. []
-
Overtaking Another Aircraft
Right of Way
Landing
- Aircraft on final approach to land or while landing have the right-of-way over other aircraft in flight or operating on the surface
- They shall not take advantage of this rule to force an aircraft off the runway surface which has already landed and is attempting to make way for an aircraft on final approach
- When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport to land, the aircraft at the lower altitude has the right-of-way
- Not to be taken advantage of to cut in front of or overtake another aircraft
- A landing clearance or an applicable runway-separation rule does not relieve the pilot in command of collision-avoidance responsibility
- Execute a go-around whenever the runway environment, traffic, spacing, or aircraft position makes continued landing unsafe.
- When weather conditions permit, the see-and-avoid and right-of-way responsibilities apply during both VFR (Visual Flight Rules) and IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) operations.
Right of Way
Water Operations
- Each person operating an aircraft on the water shall, insofar as possible, keep clear of all vessels and avoid impeding their navigation and shall give way to any vessel or other aircraft that is given the right-of-way by any rule of 91.115.
- When aircraft or aircraft and vessel, approach so as to involve risk of collision, each shall proceed with careful regard to existing circumstances including limitations of the respective craft
Right of Way
Single and Formations of Aircraft
- When a single aircraft is converging with an aircraft formation at approximately the same altitude (except head-on, or nearly so), the formation flight has the right of way
- In other cases, the formation shall be considered as a single aircraft and the right-of-way rules of reference (d), subpart 91.113 apply
Right of Way
Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems
- Each small unmanned aircraft must yield the right of way to all aircraft, airborne vehicles, and launch and reentry vehicles.
- Yielding the right of way means that the small unmanned aircraft must give way to the aircraft or vehicle and may not pass over, under, or ahead of it unless well clear.
- No person may operate a small unmanned aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard
Right of Way
Right of Way Interactive Scenario
Traffic Converges on Meadow Fly-In
Apply right-of-way rules during a busy VFR trip involving distress traffic, converging airplanes, head-on and overtaking encounters, balloons and gliders, landing sequence, formation, a drone, and seaplane water operations. Abbreviations used in this scenario: Air Traffic Control (ATC); Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF); Pilot in Command (PIC); Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS); Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS); Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC).
15 DecisionsScenario-Based TrainingCollision AvoidanceConsequence-BasedRetry and Debrief
Decision 1
0%
Scenario Complete
Right of Way
Right of Way Knowledge Check
Choose the knowledge check that matches your current training for Right of Way.
Private Pilot
PPL knowledge check
Core Knowledge Review
Review foundational knowledge, key concepts, and practical considerations. Topic: Right of Way.
- Immediate feedback
- Answer explanations
- Account progress tracking
Sport Pilot
Sport knowledge check
Sport Pilot Knowledge
Review the foundational knowledge and decisions used in sport-pilot operations. Topic: Right of Way.
- Immediate feedback
- Answer explanations
- Account progress tracking
Commercial Pilot
CPL knowledge check
Advanced Application
Apply knowledge to advanced operations, risk management, and aeronautical decision-making. Topic: Right of Way.
- Immediate feedback
- Answer explanations
- Account progress tracking
Flight Instructor
CFI knowledge check
Instructor Knowledge
Review the technical knowledge expected of an airplane flight instructor. Topic: Right of Way.
- Immediate feedback
- Answer explanations
- Account progress tracking
✓
Why Take a Quiz?
Quizzes reinforce key concepts, identify knowledge gaps, and build confidence for real-world decisions. Quiz material is representative of the information provided here and is not based on or sourced from the Federal Aviation Administration test bank.
Right of Way
Right of Way-Related Airman Certification Standards
Sport Pilot
Private Pilot
Commercial Pilot
Flight Instructor
Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Commercial Pilot (Helicopter) Traffic Patterns Airman Certification Standards
- Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with traffic patterns.
- References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
▤ Knowledge 4 ACS Elements
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CH.III.C.K1: Towered and nontowered airport/heliport/helipad/landing area operations and restrictions. -
CH.III.C.K2: Traffic pattern for the current conditions. -
CH.III.C.K3: Right-of-way rules. -
CH.III.C.K4: Use of automated weather and airport/heliport information.
! Risk Management 3 ACS Elements
-
CH.III.C.R1: Collision hazards. -
CH.III.C.R2: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation. -
CH.III.C.R3: Windshear and wake turbulence.
✓ Skills 6 ACS Elements
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CH.III.C.S1: Identify and interpret airport/heliport/helipad/landing area runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting. -
CH.III.C.S2: Comply with recommended helicopter traffic pattern procedures, as appropriate. -
CH.III.C.S3: Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track. -
CH.III.C.S4: Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use, as applicable. -
CH.III.C.S5: Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots. -
CH.III.C.S6: Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other traffic or avoid the flow of fixed-wing traffic, as appropriate.
Right of Way Airman Certification Standards
- Objective: To determine whether the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with traffic patterns
- References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge)
▤ Knowledge 4 ACS Elements
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CA.III.B.K1: Towered and nontowered airport operations. -
CA.III.B.K2: Traffic pattern selection for the current conditions. -
CA.III.B.K3: Right-of-way rules. -
CA.III.B.K4: Use of automated weather and airport information.
! Risk Management 3 ACS Elements
-
CA.III.B.R1: -
CA.III.B.R2: -
CA.III.B.R3: Windshear and wake turbulence.
✓ Skills 6 ACS Elements
-
CA.III.B.S1: Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting. -
CA.III.B.S2: Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures. -
CA.III.B.S3: Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track. -
CA.III.B.S4: Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use. -
CA.III.B.S5: Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots. -
CA.III.B.S6: Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern.
Commercial Pilot (Airplane) Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation (ASES, AMES) Airman Certification Standards
- Objective: To determine whether the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with water and seaplane characteristics, seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine navigation
- References: AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-23 (Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook), FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge); POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules
▤ Knowledge 9 ACS Elements
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CA.I.I.K1: The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as:-
CA.I.I.K1a: Size and location. -
CA.I.I.K1b: Protected and unprotected areas. -
CA.I.I.K1c: Surface wind. -
CA.I.I.K1d: Direction and strength of water current. -
CA.I.I.K1e: Floating and partially submerged debris. -
CA.I.I.K1f: Sandbars, islands, and shoals. -
CA.I.I.K1g: Vessel traffic and wakes. -
CA.I.I.K1h: Other characteristics specific to the area. -
CA.I.I.K1i: Direction and height of waves.
-
-
CA.I.I.K2: Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance. -
CA.I.I.K3: Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences. -
CA.I.I.K4: How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories. -
CA.I.I.K5: Operating restrictions at various bases. -
CA.I.I.K6: Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation. -
CA.I.I.K7: Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers. -
CA.I.I.K8: Naval vessel protection zones. -
CA.I.I.K9: No wake zones.
! Risk Management 4 ACS Elements
-
CA.I.I.R1: Local conditions. -
CA.I.I.R2: Impact of marine traffic. -
CA.I.I.R3: Right-of-way and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operations. -
CA.I.I.R4: Limited services and assistance available at seaplane bases.
✓ Skills 6 ACS Elements
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CA.I.I.S1: Assess the water surface characteristics for the proposed flight. -
CA.I.I.S2: Identify restrictions at local seaplane bases. -
CA.I.I.S3: Identify marine navigation aids. -
CA.I.I.S4: Describe correct right-of-way, steering, and sailing operations. -
CA.I.I.S5: Explain how float and hull construction can affect seaplane performance. -
CA.I.I.S6: Describe how to correct for porpoising and skipping.
Commercial Pilot (Airplane) Taxiing and Sailing (ASES, AMES) Airman Certification Standards
- Objective: To determine whether the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with taxiing and Sailing operations, including runway incursion avoidance
- References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-23 (Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook), FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge); POH/AFM.
▤ Knowledge 6 ACS Elements
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CA.II.E.K1: Airport information resources, including Chart Supplements, Airport diagram, and appropriate references. -
CA.II.E.K2: -
CA.II.E.K3: -
CA.II.E.K4: -
CA.II.E.K5: -
CA.II.E.K6: Procedures for:-
CA.II.E.K6a: Appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailing. -
CA.II.E.K6b: Radio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases.
-
! Risk Management 5 ACS Elements
-
CA.II.E.R1: -
CA.II.E.R2: -
CA.II.E.R3: Low visibility taxi and sailing operations. -
CA.II.E.R4: -
CA.II.E.R5: Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
✓ Skills 10 ACS Elements
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CA.II.E.S1: Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable. -
CA.II.E.S2: Use an Airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published. -
CA.II.E.S3: -
CA.II.E.S4: Depart the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in a safe manner, considering wind, current, traffic, and hazards. -
CA.II.E.S5: Complete the appropriate checklist(s). -
CA.II.E.S6: Position the flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudders, and power correctly for the existing conditions to follow the desired course while sailing and to prevent or correct for porpoising and skipping during step taxi. -
CA.II.E.S7: Exhibit procedures for steering and maneuvering while maintaining proper situational awareness and desired orientation, path, and position while taxiing using idle, plow, or step taxi technique, as appropriate. -
CA.II.E.S8: Plan and follow the most favorable taxi or sailing course for current conditions. -
CA.II.E.S9: Abide by right-of-way rules, maintain positive airplane control, proper speed, and separation between other aircraft, vessels, and persons. -
CA.II.E.S10: Comply with applicable taxi elements in Task D if the practical test is conducted in an amphibious airplane.
Right of Way Airman Certification Standards
- Note: The evaluator must select Tasks C, K, and at least one other Task from this Area of Operation. The evaluator must also select Task P for multiengine applicants.
- Task L: Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine Navigation (ASES, AMES).
- Objective: To determine the applicant understands water and seaplane characteristics, seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine navigation, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
- References: AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules
▤ Knowledge 9 ACS Elements
-
AI.II.L.K1: Characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as:-
AI.II.L.K1a: Size and location -
AI.II.L.K1b: Protected and unprotected areas -
AI.II.L.K1c: Surface wind -
AI.II.L.K1d: Direction and strength of water current -
AI.II.L.K1e: Floating and partially submerged debris -
AI.II.L.K1f: Sandbars, islands, and shoals -
AI.II.L.K1g: Vessel traffic and wakes -
AI.II.L.K1h: Direction and height of waves -
AI.II.L.K1i: Other characteristics specific to the area
-
-
AI.II.L.K2: Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance. -
AI.II.L.K3: Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences. -
AI.II.L.K4: How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories. -
AI.II.L.K5: Operating restrictions at various bases. -
AI.II.L.K6: Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation. -
AI.II.L.K7: Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers. -
AI.II.L.K8: Naval vessel protection zones. -
AI.II.L.K9: No wake zones.
! Risk Management 4 ACS Elements
-
AI.II.L.R1: Local conditions. -
AI.II.L.R2: Impact of marine traffic. -
AI.II.L.R3: Right-of-way and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operations. -
AI.II.L.R4: Limited services and assistance available at seaplane bases.
✓ Skills 6 ACS Elements
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AI.II.L.S1: Explain how float and hull construction can affect seaplane performance. -
AI.II.L.S2: Describe how to correct for porpoising and skipping. -
AI.II.L.S3: Identify marine navigation aids. -
AI.II.L.S4: Describe correct right-of-way, steering, and sailing operations. -
AI.II.L.S5: Assess the water surface characteristics for the proposed flight. -
AI.II.L.S6: Identify restrictions at local seaplane bases.
Right of Way Airman Certification Standards
- Note: The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
- Task E: Taxiing and Sailing (ASES, AMES).
- Objective: To determine the applicant understands taxiing and sailing, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
- References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules
▤ Knowledge 7 ACS Elements
-
AI.V.E.K1: Procedures for various types of taxiing and sailing. -
AI.V.E.K2: Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs). -
AI.V.E.K3: Taxi instructions/clearances. -
AI.V.E.K4: Airport/seaplane base markings, signs, and lights. -
AI.V.E.K5: Visual indicators for wind. -
AI.V.E.K6: Airplane lighting. -
AI.V.E.K7: Procedures for:-
AI.V.E.K7a: Appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailing -
AI.V.E.K7b: Radio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases
-
! Risk Management 5 ACS Elements
-
AI.V.E.R1: Activities and distractions. -
AI.V.E.R2: Porpoising and skipping. -
AI.V.E.R3: Low visibility taxi and sailing operations. -
AI.V.E.R4: Other aircraft, vessels, and hazards. -
AI.V.E.R5: Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
✓ Skills 10 ACS Elements
-
AI.V.E.S1: Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable. -
AI.V.E.S2: Use an appropriate airport diagram or taxi chart, if published. -
AI.V.E.S3: Comply with seaplane base/airport/taxiway markings, signals, and signs. -
AI.V.E.S4: Depart the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in a safe manner, considering wind, current, traffic, and hazards. -
AI.V.E.S5: Complete the appropriate checklist(s). -
AI.V.E.S6: Position the flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudders, and power correctly for the existing conditions to follow the desired course while sailing and to prevent or correct for porpoising and skipping during step taxi. -
AI.V.E.S7: Exhibit procedures for steering and maneuvering while maintaining proper situational awareness and desired orientation, path, and position while taxiing using idle, plow, or step taxi technique, as appropriate. -
AI.V.E.S8: Plan and follow the most favorable taxi or sailing course for current conditions. -
AI.V.E.S9: Abide by right-of-way rules, maintain positive airplane control, proper speed, and separation between other aircraft, vessels, and persons. -
AI.V.E.S10: Comply with applicable taxi elements in Task D if the practical test is conducted in an amphibious airplane.
Right of Way Airman Certification Standards
- Note: The evaluator must select at least one Task from this Area of Operation.
- Task B: Traffic Patterns.
- Objective: To determine the applicant understands traffic patterns, can apply that knowledge, manage associated risks, demonstrate appropriate skills, and provide effective instruction.
- References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-25
▤ Knowledge 5 ACS Elements
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AI.VI.B.K1: Towered and nontowered airport operations. -
AI.VI.B.K2: Traffic pattern selection for the current conditions. -
AI.VI.B.K3: Right-of-way rules. -
AI.VI.B.K4: Use of automated weather and airport information. -
AI.VI.B.K5: Common errors related to this Task.
! Risk Management 3 ACS Elements
-
AI.VI.B.R1: Collision hazards. -
AI.VI.B.R2: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation. -
AI.VI.B.R3: Windshear and wake turbulence.
✓ Skills 7 ACS Elements
-
AI.VI.B.S1: Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting. -
AI.VI.B.S2: Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures. -
AI.VI.B.S3: Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track. -
AI.VI.B.S4: Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use. -
AI.VI.B.S5: Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots. -
AI.VI.B.S6: Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern. -
AI.VI.B.S7: Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
Right of Way Airman Certification Standards
- Objective: To determine whether the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with traffic patterns
- References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge)
▤ Knowledge 4 ACS Elements
-
PA.III.B.K1: -
PA.III.B.K2: Traffic pattern selection for the current conditions. -
PA.III.B.K3: -
PA.III.B.K4: Use of automated weather and airport information.
! Risk Management 3 ACS Elements
-
PA.III.B.R1: -
PA.III.B.R2: -
PA.III.B.R3: Windshear and wake turbulence.
✓ Skills 6 ACS Elements
-
PA.III.B.S1: Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting. -
PA.III.B.S2: Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures. -
PA.III.B.S3: Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track. -
PA.III.B.S4: Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use. -
PA.III.B.S5: Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots. -
PA.III.B.S6: Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern.
Right of Way Airman Certification Standards
- Objective: To determine whether the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with water and seaplane characteristics, seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine navigation.
- References: AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-23 (Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook), FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge); POH/AFM; USCG Navigation Rules.
▤ Knowledge 9 ACS Elements
-
PA.I.I.K1: The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as:-
PA.I.I.K1a: Size and location. -
PA.I.I.K1b: Protected and unprotected areas. -
PA.I.I.K1c: Surface wind. -
PA.I.I.K1d: Direction and strength of water current. -
PA.I.I.K1e: Floating and partially submerged debris. -
PA.I.I.K1f: Sandbars, islands, and shoals. -
PA.I.I.K1g: Vessel traffic and wakes. -
PA.I.I.K1h: Other characteristics specific to the area. -
PA.I.I.K1i: Direction and height of waves.
-
-
PA.I.I.K2: Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance. -
PA.I.I.K3: Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences. -
PA.I.I.K4: How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories. -
PA.I.I.K5: Operating restrictions at various bases. -
PA.I.I.K6: Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation. -
PA.I.I.K7: Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers. -
PA.I.I.K8: Naval vessel protection zones. -
PA.I.I.K9: No wake zones.
! Risk Management 4 ACS Elements
-
PA.I.I.R1: Local conditions. -
PA.I.I.R2: Impact of marine traffic. -
PA.I.I.R3: Right-of-way and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operations. -
PA.I.I.R4: Limited services and assistance available at seaplane bases.
✓ Skills 6 ACS Elements
-
PA.I.I.S1: Assess the water surface characteristics for the proposed flight. -
PA.I.I.S2: Identify restrictions at local seaplane bases. -
PA.I.I.S3: Identify marine navigation aids. -
PA.I.I.S4: Describe correct right-of-way, steering, and sailing operations. -
PA.I.I.S5: Explain how float and hull construction can affect seaplane performance. -
PA.I.I.S6: Describe how to correct for porpoising and skipping.
Right of Way Airman Certification Standards
- Objective: To determine whether the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with taxiing and sailing operations, including runway incursion avoidance.
- References: AC 91-73; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-23 (Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook), FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge); POH/AFM.
▤ Knowledge 6 ACS Elements
-
PA.II.E.K1: Airport information resources, including Chart Supplements, Airport diagram, and appropriate references. -
PA.II.E.K2: -
PA.II.E.K3: -
PA.II.E.K4: -
PA.II.E.K5: -
PA.II.E.K6: Procedures for:-
PA.II.E.K6a: Appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailing. -
PA.II.E.K6b: Radio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases.
-
! Risk Management 5 ACS Elements
-
PA.II.E.R1: -
PA.II.E.R2: -
PA.II.E.R3: -
PA.II.E.R4: -
PA.II.E.R5: Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
✓ Skills 10 ACS Elements
-
PA.II.E.S1: Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable. -
PA.II.E.S2: Use an appropriate Airport diagram or taxi chart, if published. -
PA.II.E.S3: -
PA.II.E.S4: Depart the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in a safe manner, considering wind, current, traffic, and hazards. -
PA.II.E.S5: Complete the appropriate checklist(s). -
PA.II.E.S6: Position the flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudders, and power correctly for the existing conditions to follow the desired course while sailing and to prevent or correct for porpoising and skipping during step taxi. -
PA.II.E.S7: Exhibit procedures for steering and maneuvering while maintaining proper situational awareness and desired orientation, path, and position while taxiing using idle, plow, or step taxi technique, as appropriate. -
PA.II.E.S8: Plan and follow the most favorable taxi or sailing course for current conditions. -
PA.II.E.S9: Abide by right-of-way rules, maintain positive airplane control, proper speed, and separation between other aircraft, vessels, and persons. -
PA.II.E.S10: Comply with applicable taxi elements in Task D (taxiing lesson plan) if the practical test is conducted in an amphibious airplane.
Right of Way Airman Certification Standards
- Task C: Traffic Patterns.
- Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with traffic patterns.
- References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
▤ Knowledge 4 ACS Elements
-
PH.III.C.K1: Towered and nontowered airport/heliport/helipad/landing area operations and restrictions. -
PH.III.C.K2: Traffic pattern for the current conditions. -
PH.III.C.K3: Right-of-way rules. -
PH.III.C.K4: Use of automated weather and airport/heliport information.
! Risk Management 3 ACS Elements
-
PH.III.C.R1: Collision hazards. -
PH.III.C.R2: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation. -
PH.III.C.R3: Windshear and wake turbulence.
✓ Skills 6 ACS Elements
-
PH.III.C.S1: Identify and interpret airport/heliport/helipad/landing area runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting. -
PH.III.C.S2: Comply with recommended helicopter traffic pattern procedures, as appropriate. -
PH.III.C.S3: Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track. -
PH.III.C.S4: Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use, as applicable. -
PH.III.C.S5: Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots. -
PH.III.C.S6: Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other traffic or avoid the flow of fixed-wing traffic, as appropriate. Note: Task D must be tested in addition to the other Tasks if the applicant supplies a helicopter with wheel-type landing gear.
Right of Way Airman Certification Standards
- Objective: To determine that the applicant is knowledgeable of the operating rules of 14 CFR parts 89 and 107, the registration rules of 14 CFR parts 47 and 48, and other associated operating requirements.
- References: 14 CFR parts 47, 48, 89, and 107, subpart B; AC 107-2; FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge); FAA-G-8082-22 (Remote Pilot - Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Study Guide).
▤ Knowledge 28 ACS Elements
-
UA.I.B.K1: -
UA.I.B.K2: -
UA.I.B.K3: -
UA.I.B.K4: The responsibility and authority of the remote PIC-
UA.I.B.K4a: Allowing a person other than the remote PIC to manipulate the flight controls
-
-
UA.I.B.K5: -
UA.I.B.K6: Hazardous operations-
UA.I.B.K6a: -
UA.I.B.K6b:
-
-
UA.I.B.K7: Operating from a moving aircraft or moving land- or water-borne vehicle -
UA.I.B.K8: -
UA.I.B.K9: Daylight operations -
UA.I.B.K10: Visual line of sight (VLOS) aircraft operations -
UA.I.B.K11: Requirements when a visual observer is used -
UA.I.B.K12: Prohibition of operating multiple sUAS -
UA.I.B.K13: Prohibition of carrying hazardous material -
UA.I.B.K14: Staying safely away from other aircraft and right-of-way rules-
UA.I.B.K14a: See and avoid other aircraft and other potential hazard considerations of the remote PIC
-
-
UA.I.B.K15: -
UA.I.B.K16: -
UA.I.B.K17: -
UA.I.B.K18: Operating in prohibited or restricted areas -
UA.I.B.K19: Flight restrictions in the proximity of certain areas designated by notice to airmen (NOTAM) -
UA.I.B.K20: Preflight familiarization, inspection, and actions for aircraft operations -
UA.I.B.K21: Operating limitations for sUAS-
UA.I.B.K21a: -
UA.I.B.K21b: -
UA.I.B.K21c: Minimum visibility -
UA.I.B.K21d:
-
-
UA.I.B.K22: Requirements for a Remote Pilot Certificate with an sUAS rating -
UA.I.B.K23: Automated operations -
UA.I.B.K24: Civil twilight operations -
UA.I.B.K25: -
UA.I.B.K26: Transportation of property -
UA.I.B.K27: ATC transponder equipment prohibition -
UA.I.B.K28: ADS-B Out prohibition
! Risk Management 1 ACS Element
-
NA: Reserved.
✓ Skills 1 ACS Element
-
NA: Not Applicable.
Right of Way Practical Test Standards
- Source: FAA-S-8081-29A, Section 1 - Sport Pilot Airplane.
- Task: SEAPLANE BASES, MARITIME RULES, AND AIDS TO MARINE NAVIGATION (ASES).
- References: FAA-H-8083-23; AIM.
- Objective: To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to marine navigation by explaining:
✓ Objective Elements 4 PTS Elements
-
SP.1: How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories. -
SP.2: Operating restrictions at seaplane bases, if applicable. -
SP.3: Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation. -
SP.4: Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, and sound signals.
Sport Pilot (Helicopter) Traffic Patterns Airman Certification Standards
- Area of Operation III: Airport And Heliport Operations.
- Task C: Traffic Patterns.
- Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with traffic patterns.
- References: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25
- Sport Pilot (Helicopter) Traffic Patterns Lesson Plan.
▤ Knowledge 4 ACS Elements
-
SH.III.C.K1: Towered and nontowered airport/heliport/helipad/landing area operations and restrictions. -
SH.III.C.K2: Traffic pattern for the current conditions. -
SH.III.C.K3: Right-of-way rules. -
SH.III.C.K4: Use of automated weather and airport/heliport information.
! Risk Management 3 ACS Elements
-
SH.III.C.R1: Collision hazards. -
SH.III.C.R2: Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation. -
SH.III.C.R3: Windshear and wake turbulence.
✓ Skills 6 ACS Elements
-
SH.III.C.S1: Identify and interpret airport/heliport/helipad/landing area runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting. -
SH.III.C.S2: Comply with recommended helicopter traffic pattern procedures, as appropriate. -
SH.III.C.S3: Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track. -
SH.III.C.S4: Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use, as applicable. -
SH.III.C.S5: Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots. -
SH.III.C.S6: Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other traffic or avoid the flow of fixed-wing traffic, as appropriate.
Right of Way
Right of Way Conclusion
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Right of Way References
- Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary.
- CFI Notebook.net - Formation Flying.
- Federal Aviation Regulations (91.113) Right-of-way rules: Except water operations.
- Federal Aviation Regulations (91.115) Right-of-way rules: Water operations.
- OPNAVINST 3710.7U (5.1.2) Right-of-Way Between Single and Formation of Aircraft.