Statute Mile: the same as a standard mile as you would see driving a car
Nautical Mile: defined as one minute of arc along a meridian of the Earth. Using the widely accepted WGS84 ellipsoid model, this averages a nautical mile to 6,076 feet (1,852 meters), or 1.15 statute miles
Temperature Conversion ChartTemperatureWorld.com, Temperature Conversion Table
Temperature Conversion:
The U.S. is used to operating on the Fahrenheit scale for day to day life but aviation standard is Celsius
Formula:
°C = [(°F - 32) x 5/9]
°F = [(°C x 9/5) + 32]
Example:
70°F day
Calculate:
°C = ((70°F-32) x 5/9)
You should come out with 21.1°C
Chart
[Figure 1]
Start at your initial temperature on the Fahrenheit scale
Move across until you hit the reference line
Move down and read the temperature off of the bottom
In this example it comes out to be roughly 22°C
Table:
[Figure 2]
Find the temperature you need and read across the appropriate column
Notice this table is more designed for Celsius to Fahrenheit but we still come out just over 21°C
Temperature Conversion ChartTemperatureWorld.com, Temperature Conversion Table
Pilot's Pocket Handbook: Flight Calculations, Weather Decoder, Aviation Acronyms, Charts and Checklists, Pilot Memory Aids
Pilot's rules of thumb: Rules of thumb, easy aviation math, handy formulas, quick tips
Pilot's Pocket Handbook: Flight Calculations, Weather Decoder, Aviation Acronyms, Charts and Checklists, Pilot Memory Aids
Pilot's rules of thumb: Rules of thumb, easy aviation math, handy formulas, quick tips
Time, Fuel, and Distance to Climb
Top of Climb:
MOVED! See more about crosswinds on the Flight Planning page
Time to Travel Using a Whiz Wheel:
Point the black arrow to match the expected ground speed
Look for the distance to travel on the outer wheel
Read time immediately below (inner scale) the number representing distance
Ground Speed on Whiz Wheel:
Line up distance over time (outer wheel over inner)
Find the big black arrow, it is pointing to your ground speed
Note that you will travel 10% of your speed in 6 minutes (6 min * 10 = 60 minutes)
Fuel on Whiz Wheel:
Point the big black arrow to the pounds per hour (burn rate)
Read time off the inner wheel
Look above time to get pounds burned in that time
60 to 1 Rule:
The 60 to 1 rule is is a technique for establishing predictable pitch changes for climbs or descents and lead points for intercepting courses or arcs
It allows the pilot to compute the pitch changes necessary when establishing an attitude during the control and performance concept of attitude instrument flying
It reduces the pilot's workload and increases efficiency by requiring fewer changes and less guesswork
It is an alternative to the TLAR (That Looks About Right) method of flying
The 60-to-1 rule gives us a mathematical equation to help you figure out all these questions, but it is almost impossible to run these calculations and fly at the same time
You need to use the formulas before you fly
Find out what your turn radius is at cruise airspeed up high and at approach airspeed down lower; find out what a 1° pitch change will do to your VVI and remember those numbers
The 60-to-1 Rule:
1° = 1 NM at 60 NM (60 NM from the station, there is 1 NM between each radial)
1° = 100 FT at 1 NM (1° climb or descent gradient results in 100 FT/NM)
VSI Versus Pitch Change:
We now know how to calculate the altitude gained or lost for each degree of pitch change over a given distance
Throw in a time factor using True Airspeed (TAS) expressed in NM per MIN and we can relate this pitch change to a change in VSI
First, lets convert speed to NM/MIN, since the 60-to-1 rule is based on TAS expressed in NM/MIN
NM/MIN can be obtained easily from TAS as follows: NM/MIN = TAS/60
Examples:
120 KTAS = 2 NM/MIN
150 KTAS = 2.5 NM/MIN
If we don't have a TAS indicator, TAS can be computed from IAS
TAS increases over IAS at the rate of 2% per 1,000 feet altitude increase
So, the following equation could be used: TAS = IAS + (2% per 1,000 FT) X (IAS)
Example: 3,000 FT; 150 KIAS
TAS = 150 + (2% X 3) (150) = 150 + (.06)(150) = 159 KTAS
Another easy but less accurate rule of thumb (best used above 10,000 feet) to determine TAS is: TAS = IAS + Flight Level (FL)/2 or "Add 5 kts per 1,000' to IAS"
Example: FL 200; 175 KIAS
TAS = 175 + (200/2) = 275 KTAS
If one degree equals 100 ft/nm, then our VSI can be calculated numerous ways:
VSI for 1° pitch change = NM/MIN X 100 FT
VSI = (Pitch Angle) X (NM/MIN X 100)
VSI = (Gradient) X (NM/MIN) = (FT/NM) X (NM/MIN)
Conclusion:
Many calculations are rules of thumb that are constantly handy
Note that while extrapolation or interpolation are skills pilots need to read charts, when you're parameters are off the chart, you're a test pilot, and performance in these regions should be treated as prohibited
and Pilot's rules of thumb: Rules of thumb, easy aviation math, handy formulas, quick tips
can come in handy