The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is the FAA organization responsible for investigating accidents to find the causal factors to prevent them from occurring in the future
Following a defined event, the NTSB takes interest
As a first responder, be aware of preservation requirements
Role Of The NTSB:
The role of the NTSB is to determine probable cause and issue safety recommendations to help prevent similar accidents from occuring in the future
Role Of The FAA:
The FAA has the statuatory right to be a party to all NTSB investigations when warranted
Their role is to investigate safety related issues over which it has authority
While the NTSB retains control of the investigation, the FAA may be called to assist
Definitions:
Accident:
An accident is defined in 49 CFR part 830 as "an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft that takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage"
Examples: an aircraft taxi's into an object causing substantial damage to the aircraft, an aircraft experiences a fire causing substantial damage, or an individual is struck by a spinning prop causing serious injury
The operator of the aircraft must file an accident report within ten days or seven days if overdue aircraft is still missing
Incident:
An incident is defined in 49 CFR part 830 as "an occurrence other than an accident that affects or could affect the safety of operations"
Examples: a control surface jams in flight but the aircraft recovers safely, a pilot or passenger experience carbon monoxide poisoning, or two aircraft nearly collide in the traffic pattern
The operator of the aircraft is required to submit a report to the nearest NTSB field office when requested
Operator:
Any person who causes or authorizes the operation of an aircraft
Ex: owner, lessee of an aircraft
Substantial Damage:
Damage or failure that adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft and would usually require significant repair or replacement
Not Considered Substantial Damage:
Engine failure or damage limited to an engine if only one engine fails or is damaged
Bent fairings or cowling
Dented skin
Small punctured holes in the skin or fabric
Ground damage to rotor or propeller blades
Damage to landing gear, wheels, tires, flaps, engine accessories, brakes, or wingtips
Immediate Notification:
Any aircraft involved in an accident requires an immediate notification be submitted
Any of the following incidents:
Flight control system malfunction or failure
The inability of a required crew-member to perform normal duties
Failure of structural components of a turbine engine excluding compressor and turbine blades and vanes
In-flight fire
Aircraft collide in flight
Damage to property, other than the aircraft, estimated to exceed $25,000 for repair (including materials and labor) or fair market value in the event of total loss, whichever is less
For large multi-engine aircraft (more than 12,500 pounds maximum certificated takeoff weight):
Inflight failure of electrical systems which requires the sustained use of an emergency bus powered by a back-up source such as a battery, auxiliary power unit, or air-driven generator to retain flight control or essential instruments;
Inflight failure of hydraulic systems that results in sustained reliance on the sole remaining hydraulic or mechanical system for movement of flight control surfaces;
Sustained loss of the power or thrust produced by two or more engines; and
An evacuation of aircraft in which an emergency egress system is utilized
An overdue aircraft believed to be involved in an accident
Manner of Notification:
The most expeditious method of notification to the NTSB by the operator will be determined by the circumstances existing at that time. The NTSB has advised that any of the following would be considered examples of the type of notification that would be acceptable:
Direct telephone notification
Telegraphic notification
Notification to the FAA who would in turn notify the NTSB by direct communication; i.e., dispatch or telephone
Items to be Included in Notification:
The notification required above must contain the following information, if available:
Type, nationality, and registration marks of the aircraft
Name of owner and operator of the aircraft
Name of the pilot-in-command
Date and time of the accident, or incident
Last point of departure, and point of intended landing of the aircraft
Position of the aircraft with reference to some easily defined geographical point
Number of persons aboard, number killed, and number seriously injured
Nature of the accident, or incident, the weather, and the extent of damage to the aircraft so far as is known; and
A description of any explosives, radioactive materials, or other dangerous articles carried
Follow-up Reports:
The operator must file a report on NTSB Form 6120.1 or 6120.2, available from NTSB Field Offices or from the NTSB, Washington, DC, 20594:
Within 10 days after an accident;
When, after 7 days, an overdue aircraft is still missing;
A report on an incident for which notification is required as described in subparagraph a(1) must be filed only as requested by an authorized representative of the NTSB
Each crewmember, if physically able at the time the report is submitted, must attach a statement setting forth the facts, conditions, and circumstances relating to the accident or incident as they appeared. If the crewmember is incapacitated, a statement must be submitted as soon as physically possible
Where to File the Reports:
The operator of an aircraft must file with the NTSB Field Office nearest the accident or incident any report required by this section
The NTSB Field Offices are listed under U.S. Government in the telephone directories in the following cities: Anchorage, AK; Atlanta, GA; Chicago, IL; Denver, CO; Fort Worth, TX; Los Angeles, CA; Miami, FL; Parsippany, NJ; Seattle, WA
Preservation:
The site must be preserved, and therefore nothing moved, for investigators to see things as they impacted
Exceptions include:
Protecting mail
Protecting cargo
Protecting documents
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Accident Reporting:
Reporting responsibility:
A drone crash or malfunction, irrespective of which flight rules govern the flight, may trigger a reporting requirement to either the FAA, the NTSB, or both. The NTSB reporting requirements listed in 49 CFR 830.5, Immediate Notification, are separate and distinct from the FAA reporting requirements. All UAS flyers operating in the NAS recreational, civil, and public are encouraged to read and follow NTSB reporting requirements should they experience a crash or malfunction that meets NTSB criteria and triggers NTSB reporting. See NTSB Reporting Requirements and subparagraph 11-8-4b. COAs issued to Part 91 civil and public operators will contain specific incident/accident reporting requirements for the operator.1. Part 107 Operations. Part 107 operators have a reporting requirement described in 14 CFR Section 107.9, Accident Reporting. A remote pilot-in-command is required to report any sUAS crash that causes serious injury or loss of consciousness, or property damage other than to the UAS of over $500. Property damage refers to any property that is not part of the UA System or attached to the UAS
Recreational Flyer Operations:
Recreational flyers fully complying with the exception listed in 49 USC 44809 are not required to report crashes to the FAA. However, this does not alleviate the recreational flyer from the requirement to report the crash to the NTSB if the crash meets the NTSB reporting requirements. 3. Part 91 Operations. Part 91 operators typically flown by public aircraft operators, civil aircraft operators, or civil operators flying FAA type certificated UAS have unique reporting requirements delineated in the terms and conditions of their certificate of waiver/authorization and must comply with those specific requirements
NTSB Reporting Requirements:
The NTSB defines a UAS accident as an occurrence associated with the operations of any public or civil UAS that takes place between the time that the system is activated with the purpose of flight and the time that the system is deactivated at the conclusion of its mission, in which any person suffers death or serious injury, or the UAS holds an airworthiness certificate and sustains substantial damage. In the case of a midair collision involving a UAS, any midair collision must be reported
FAA Reporting:
No later than 10 calendar days after an operation that meets the criteria listed below, a remote pilot in command must report to the FAA, to the Administrator, any operation of the small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) involving at least:
Serious injury (as defined in Advisory Circular 107-2) to any person or any loss of consciousness; or
Damage to any property, other than the small unmanned aircraft, unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:
The cost of repair (including materials and labor) does not exceed $500; or
The fair market value of the property does not exceed $500 in the event of total loss
NTSB Reporting:
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Reporting. In addition to the report submitted to the ROC, and in accordance with the criteria established by the NTSB, certain sUAS accidents must also be reported to the NTSB. For more information, visit www.ntsb.gov
Submitting sUAS Accident Reports:
The report may be submitted to the appropriate FAA Regional Operations Center (ROC) electronically (www.faa.gov/uas/) or by telephone (https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/arc/)
Reports may also be made to the nearest jurisdictional FSDO (http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/field_offices/fsdo/)
The report should include the following information:
sUAS remote PIC's name and contact information;
sUAS remote PIC's FAA airman certificate number;
sUAS registration number issued to the aircraft, if required (FAA registration number);
Location of the accident;
Date of the accident;
Time of the accident;
Person(s) injured and extent of injury, if any or known;
Property damaged and extent of damage, if any or known; and
Description of what happened
Private Pilot (Airplane) Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems Airman Certification Standards:
Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal and emergency radio communications, air traffic control (ATC) light signals, and runway lighting systems
To date, the NTSB has issued over 13,000 safety recommendations to more than 2,500 recipients
Because the NTSB has no formal authority to regulate the transportation industry, its effectiveness depends on its reputation for conducting thorough, accurate, and independent investigations and for producing timely, well-considered recommendations to enhance transportation safety
The NTSB Aviation Database is an incredibly useful tool for pilots to learn from others mistakes
Consider reviewing NTSB reports by your aircraft type, your operation, and by airport
Note that accident reporting requirements can apply to UAS, triggering NTSB involvement