Pilot Certificates & Ratings

Student Pilot Basic Requirements:

• A student pilot is one who is being trained by an instructor pilot for his or her first full certificate, and is permitted to fly alone (solo) under specific, limited circumstances. Before a student pilot may be endorsed to fly solo, that student must have a Student Pilot Certificate. There are multiple ways that an aspiring pilot can obtain their Student Pilot Certificate. The application may be processed by an FAA inspector or technician, an FAA-Designated Pilot Examiner, a Certified Flight Instructor (CFI), or an Airman Certification Representative (ACR). If the application is completed electronically, the authorized person will submit the application to the FAA's Airman Certification Branch (AFS-760) in Oklahoma City, OK, via the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA). If the application is completed on paper, it must be sent to the local Flight Standards District Office (FSDO), who will forward it to AFS-760. Once the application is processed, the applicant will receive the Student Pilot Certificate by mail at the address provided on the application
• The aforementioned process will become effective on April 1, 2016. The new certificate will be printed on a plastic card, which will replace the paper certificate that was issued in the past. The plastic card certificate will not have an expiration date. Paper certificates issued prior to the new process will still expire according to the date on the certificate; however, under the new process, paper certificates cannot be renewed. Once the paper certificate expires, the Student Pilot must submit a new application under the new process. Another significant change in the new process is that flight instructors will now make endorsements for solo privileges in the Student Pilot's logbook, instead of endorsing the Student Pilot Certificate

Student Pilot Eligibility Requirements:

• To be eligible for a Student Pilot Certificate, the applicant must:
  • Be at least 16 years of age (14 years of age to pilot a glider or balloon)
  • Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language

Student Pilot Medical Certification Requirements:

• The second step in becoming a pilot is to obtain a medical certificate (if the choice of aircraft is an airplane, helicopter, gyroplane, or an airship)
  • The FAA suggests the individual get a medical certificate before beginning flight training to avoid the expense of flight training that cannot be continued due to a medical condition
• Balloon or glider pilots do not need a medical certificate, but do need to write a statement certifying that no medical defect exists that would prevent them from piloting a balloon or glider
• The new sport pilot category does not require a medical examination; a driver's license can be used as proof of medical competence
• Applicants who fail to meet certain requirements or who have physical disabilities which might limit, but not prevent, their acting as pilots, should contact the nearest FAA office
• Anyone requesting an FAA Medical Clearance, Medical Certificate, or Student Pilot Medical Certificate can electronically complete an application through the FAA's MedXPress system available at https://medxpress.faa.gov/
• A medical certificate is obtained by passing a physical examination administered by a doctor who is an FAA-authorized AME
  • To find an AME near you, go to the FAA's AME locator at www.faa.gov/pilots/amelocator/
• Medical certificates are designated as first class, second class, or third class
  • Generally, first class is designed for the airline transport pilot; second class for the commercial pilot; and third class for the student, recreational, and private pilot
• A Student Pilot Certificate can be processed by an FAA inspector or technician, an FAA Designated pilot examiner (DPE), an Airman Certification Representative (ACR), or a Certified Flight Instructor (CFI)
  • This certificate allows an individual who is being trained by a flight instructor to fly alone (solo) under specific, limited circumstances and must be carried with the student pilot while exercising solo flight privileges
• The Student Pilot Certificate is only required when exercising solo flight privileges
• The student certificate does not have an expiration date

Student Pilot Solo Requirements:

• Once a student has accrued sufficient training and experience, a CFI can endorse the student's logbook to authorize limited solo flight in a specific type (make and model) of aircraft in accordance with statuatory priveleges and limitations
• There is no minimum aeronautical knowledge or experience requirement for the issuance of a Student Pilot Certificate; however, there are minimum aeronautical knowledge and experience requirements for student pilots to solo

Student Pilot Privileges & Limitations:

• A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
  • That is carrying a passenger;
  • That is carrying property for compensation or hire;
  • For compensation or hire;
  • In furtherance of a business;
  • On an international flight, except that a student pilot may make solo training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse, Yukon, Canada, and return over the province of British Columbia;
  • With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3 statute miles during daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;
  • When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to the surface; or
  • In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the pilot's logbook by an authorized instructor
• A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when receiving flight training from an authorized instructor on board an airship, and no person other than a required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft
• A student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must comply with the provisions above and may not act as pilot in command:
  • Of an aircraft other than a light-sport aircraft;
  • At night;
  • At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher;
  • In Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or on an airport having an operational control tower without having received the ground and flight training specified in § 61.94 and an endorsement from an authorized instructor;
  • Of a light-sport aircraft without having received the applicable ground training, flight training, and instructor endorsements specified in § 61.327 (a) and (b)
• The holder of a student pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft without holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the student pilot holds a valid U.S. driver's license, meets the requirements of § 61.23(c)(3) [BasicMed], and the operation is conducted consistent with the requirements above and the conditions of § 61.113(i)
  • Where the requirements above conflict with § 61.113(i), a student pilot must comply with the above (61.89 paragraphs (a) and (b)

Sport Pilot Eligibility Requirements:

• Be at least 16 years old to become a student sport pilot (14 years old for gliders or balloons)
• Be at least 17 years old to test for a sport pilot certificate (16 years old for gliders or balloons)
• Be able to read, write, and understand the English language
• Hold a current and valid driver's license as evidence of medical eligibility

Sport Pilot Aeronautical Experience:

• To become a sport pilot, the student pilot is required to have flown, at a minimum, the following hours depending upon the aircraft:
  • Airplane: 20 hours
  • Powered Parachute: 12 hours
  • Weight-Shift Control (Trikes): 20 hours
  • Glider: 10 hours
  • Rotorcraft (gyroplane only): 20 hours
  • Lighter-Than-Air: 20 hours (airship) or 7 hours (balloon)

Sport Pilot Privileges & Limitations:

• Privileges:
  • Operate as pilot in command (PIC) of a light-sport aircraft unless otherwise stipulated (see below)
  • Carry a passenger and share expenses (fuel, oil, airport expenses, and aircraft rental only)
    • You must pay at least half the operating expenses of the flight
  • Fly during the daytime using VFR, a minimum of 3 statute miles visibility and visual contact with the ground are required
• Limitations:
  • Prohibited from carrying more than one passenger
  • Prohibited from flying in Class A airspace
  • Prohibited from flying in Class B, C, or D airspace until you receive training and a logbook endorsement from an instructor(FAR 61.325)
  • No flights outside the United States without prior permission from the foreign aviation authority
  • May not tow any object
  • No flights while carrying a passenger or property for compensation or hire
  • Prohibited from flying in furtherance of a business
  • At night
  • To demonstrate the aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer if you are an aircraft salesperson
  • In a passenger-carrying airlift sponsored by a charitable organization
  • At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher
  • When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute miles
  • Without visual reference to the surface
  • If the aircraft:
    • Has a VH greater than 87 knots CAS, unless you have met the requirements of §61.327(b)
    • Has a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS, unless you have met the requirements of §61.327(a) or have logged flight time as pilot in command of an airplane with a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS before April 2, 2010
  • Contrary to any operating limitation placed on the airworthiness certificate of the aircraft being flown
  • Contrary to any limit on your pilot certificate or airman medical certificate, or any other limit or endorsement from an authorized instructor
  • Contrary to any restriction or limitation on your U.S. driver's license or any restriction or limitation imposed by judicial or administrative order when using your driver's license to satisfy a requirement of this part
  • As a pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted

Recreational Pilot Privileges and Limitations:

• Recreational pilot privileges and limitations are outlined in FAR 61.101.
• Privileges:
  • Carry no more than one passenger;
  • Not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with a passenger, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental fees
  • A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight within 50 nautical miles from the departure airport, provided that person has received training in accordance with FAR 61.101(b)
  • A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight that exceeds 50 nautical miles from the departure airport, provided that person has met the requirements of FAR 61.101(c)
  • A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft in Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower, provided that person has met the requirements of FAR 61.101(d)
• Limitations:
  • A recreational pilot may not act as PIC of an aircraft:
    • That is certificated:
      • For more than four occupants;
      • With more than one powerplant;
      • With a powerplant of more than 180 horsepower, except aircraft certificated in the rotorcraft category; or
      • With retractable landing gear;
    • That is classified as a multiengine airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, balloon, powered parachute, or weight-shift-control aircraft;
    • That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation or hire;
    • For compensation or hire;
    • In furtherance of a business;
    • Between sunset and sunrise;
    • In Class A, B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, or to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower;
    • At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher;
    • When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute miles;
    • Without visual reference to the surface;
    • On a flight outside the United States, unless authorized by the country in which the flight is conducted;
    • To demonstrate that aircraft in flight as an aircraft salesperson to a prospective buyer;
    • That is used in a passenger-carrying airlift and sponsored by a charitable organization; and
    • That is towing any object
  • A recreational pilot may not act as a pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when:
    • Receiving flight training from a person authorized to provide flight training on board an airship; and
    • No person other than a required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft
• A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate, has logged fewer than 400 flight hours, and has not logged pilot-in-command time in an aircraft within the 180 days preceding the flight shall not act as pilot in command of an aircraft until the pilot receives flight training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor, and the instructor certifies that the person is proficient to act as pilot in command of the aircraft. This requirement can be met in combination with the requirements of §§61.56 and 61.57 of this part, at the discretion of the authorized instructor
• A recreational pilot certificate issued under this subpart carries the notation, "Holder does not meet ICAO requirements"
• For the purpose of obtaining additional certificates or ratings while under the supervision of an authorized instructor, a recreational pilot may fly as the sole occupant of an aircraft:
  • For which the pilot does not hold an appropriate category or class rating;
  • Within airspace that requires communication with air traffic control; or
  • Between sunset and sunrise, provided the flight or surface visibility is at least 5 statute miles
• In order to fly solo, the recreational pilot must meet the appropriate aeronautical knowledge and flight training requirements of §61.87 for that aircraft. When operating an aircraft under the conditions specified in paragraph (i) of this section, the recreational pilot shall carry the logbook that has been endorsed for each flight by an authorized instructor who:
  • Has given the recreational pilot training in the make and model of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be made;
  • Has found that the recreational pilot has met the applicable requirements of §61.87; and
  • Has found that the recreational pilot is competent to make solo flights in accordance with the logbook endorsement

Private Pilot Certificate Eligibility:

• Private Pilot eligibility requirements are provided in FAR 61.103, "Eligibility requirements: General," stating pilots must:
  • Be at least 17 years of age for a rating in other than a glider or balloon
  • Be at least 16 years of age for a rating in a glider or balloon
  • Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language
    • If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft
    • Advisory circular 60-28 describes FAA Aviation English Language Standards (AELS) which are detailed in ICAO document 9835 and is evaluated by the practical test examiner
    • A flight instructor should continually evaluate the pilot’s English language skills during any flight evaluation or training event that the instructor conducts and endorse the individual’s training record or logbook in English for the training and endorsement provided
    • A flight instructor conducting a flight review or IPC should not endorse the evaluation as satisfactorily completed if the instructor determines that the pilot under review does not meet FAA English language skill standards
    • If unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then an operating limitations necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft may apply
  • Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
    • Conducted the training or reviewed the person's home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in FAR 61.105(b) that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and
    • Certified that the person is prepared for the required knowledge test
  • Pass the required knowledge test (70%+) on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in FAR 61.105(b) and in accordance with the minimum standards outlined in the Private Pilot (Airplane) Airman Certification Standards (ACS)/Private Pilot Rotorcraft ACS/Private Pilot Powered-Lift ACS.
  • Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
    • Conducted the training in the areas of operation listed in FAR 61.107(b) that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and
    • Certified that the person is prepared for the required practical test
  • Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought before applying for the practical test
  • Pass a practical test on the areas of operation listed in FAR 61.107(b) that apply to the aircraft rating sought
  • Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought
  • Hold a U.S. student pilot certificate, sport pilot certificate, or recreational pilot certificate
  • Possess at least a current third class medical certification or when a military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces can show and present evidence of an up-to-date medical examination authorizing pilot status issued by the U.S. Armed Forces;
  • Have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant has received and logged training time within two (2) calendar months preceding the date of application in preparation for the practical test, and is prepared for the practical test;
  • Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas of 14 CFR part 61.105 paragraph (b) that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
  • Also have an endorsement certifying that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test (not required for power aircraft to non-power aircraft or power aircraft to power aircraft for additional category or class rating)

Private Pilot Aeronautical Knowledge:

• To satisfy the aeronautical knowledge requirements outlined in FAR 61.105, a person who is applying for a private pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought:
  • Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to private pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
  • Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board;
  • Use of the applicable portions of the "Aeronautical Information Manual" and FAA advisory circulars;
  • Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems;
  • Radio communication procedures;
  • Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
  • Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;
  • Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance;
  • Weight and balance computations;
  • Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;
  • Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques for the airplane and glider category ratings;
  • Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
  • Preflight action that includes--
    • How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and
    • How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed or delays are encountered

Private Pilot Aeronautical Experience:

• Private pilot aeronautical experience requirements are outlined in FAR 61.109 for each category and class:
  • For an airplane category rating with a single-engine rating
  • For an airplane category rating with a multiengine rating
  • For a helicopter rating
  • For a gyroplane rating
  • For a powered-lift rating
  • For a glider category rating
  • For an airship rating
  • For a balloon rating
  • For a powered parachute rating
  • For a weight-shift-control aircraft rating
  • Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or flight training device
  • Permitted credit for flight training received from a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating

Private Pilot Flight Proficiency:

• Private pilot flight proficiency requirements are outlined in FAR 61.109 for each category and class:
  • For an airplane category rating with a single-engine class rating
  • For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating
  • For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class rating
  • For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class rating
  • For a powered-lift rating
  • For a glider category rating
  • For a lighter-than-air category rating with an airship class rating
  • For a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class rating
  • For a powered parachute category rating
  • For a weight-shift-control aircraft category rating

Night Flying Exceptions:

• A person is not required to comply with the night flight training requirements of this subpart if the person receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska
• A person who receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska but does not meet the night flight training requirements of this section:
  • May be issued a pilot certificate with a limitation "Night flying prohibited"; and
  • Must comply with the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar-month period after the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that period, the certificate will become invalid for use until the person complies with the appropriate night training requirements of this subpart. The person may have the "Night flying prohibited" limitation removed if the person:
    • Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart; and
    • Presents to an examiner a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies accomplishment of the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart
• A person who does not meet the night flying requirements in FAR 61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2) may be issued a private pilot certificate with the limitation "Night flying prohibited." This limitation may be removed by an examiner if the holder complies with the requirements of FAR 61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2), as appropriate

Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands:

• Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an applicant located on an island from which the cross-country flight training required in FAR 61.109 of this part cannot be accomplished without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply with the requirements of that section
• If other airports that permit civil operations are available to which a flight may be made without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, the applicant must show completion of two round-trip solo flights between those two airports that are farthest apart, including a landing at each airport on both flights
• An applicant who complies with paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section, and meets all requirements for the issuance of a private pilot certificate, except the cross-country training requirements of FAR 61.109 of this part, will be issued a pilot certificate with an endorsement containing the following limitation, "Passenger carrying prohibited on flights more than 10 nautical miles from (the appropriate island)." The limitation may be subsequently amended to include another island if the applicant complies with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section for another island
• Upon meeting the cross-country training requirements of FAR 61.109 of this part, the applicant may have the limitation in paragraph (c) of this section removed

Private Pilot Privileges & Limitations:

• Private pilot privileges and limitations are outlined in FAR 61.113
• Except as exempted below, no person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft
• A private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if:
  • The flight is only incidental to that business or employment; and
  • The aircraft does not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire
• A private pilot may not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees
• A private pilot may act as pilot in command of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event flight described in §91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply with the requirements of §91.146
• A private pilot may be reimbursed for aircraft operating expenses that are directly related to search and location operations, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees, and the operation is sanctioned and under the direction and control of:
  • A local, State, or Federal agency; or
  • An organization that conducts search and location operations
• A private pilot who is an aircraft salesman and who has at least 200 hours of logged flight time may demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer
• A private pilot who meets the requirements of §61.69 may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle
• A private pilot may act as pilot in command for the purpose of conducting a production flight test in a light-sport aircraft intended for certification in the light-sport category under §21.190 of this chapter, provided that:
  • The aircraft is a powered parachute or a weight-shift-control aircraft;
  • The person has at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in the category and class of aircraft flown; and
  • The person is familiar with the processes and procedures applicable to the conduct of production flight testing, to include operations conducted under a special flight permit and any associated operating limitations

• Balloon rating: Limitations:

  • If a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with an airborne heater:
    • The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a balloon with an airborne heater; and
    • The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon
  • If a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon:
    • The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privilege of that certificate to a gas balloon; and
    • The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon with an airborne heater

Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges:

• No person may serve as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of the United States, unless that person:
  • Has in the person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization -
    • A pilot certificate issued under this part and in accordance with FAR 61.19;
    • A special purpose pilot authorization issued under FAR 61.77;
    • A temporary certificate issued under FAR 61.17;
    • A document conveying temporary authority to exercise certificate privileges issued by the Airmen Certification Branch under § 61.29(e); or
    • When operating an aircraft within a foreign country, a pilot license issued by that country may be used
  • Has a photo identification that is in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization
    • See FAR 61.3 for a list of acceptable photo identifications
• Medical certificate:
  • A person may serve as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft only if that person holds the appropriate medical certificate issued under FAR part 67, or other documentation acceptable to the FAA, that is in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft unless meeting exemption criteria of FAR 61.3, paragraph (c)(2)
• *Required pilot certificate for operating a foreign-registered aircraft within the United States can be found in FAR 61.3

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test:

• The private pilot-airplane applicant is required by 14 CFR section 61.45 to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the practical test. This section further requires that the aircraft must:
  1. Be of U.S., foreign, or military registry of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, for the certificate and/or rating for which the applicant is applying;
  2. Have fully functioning dual controls, except as provided for in 14 CFR section 61.45(c) and (e); and
  3. Be capable of performing all Areas of Operation appropriate to the rating sought and have no operating limitations, which prohibit its use in any of the Areas of Operation, required for the practical test

Flight Instructor Responsibility:

• An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the private pilot applicant to acceptable standards in ALL subject matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the Tasks within each Area of Operation in the appropriate private pilot practical test standard, even if the applicant is adding a category or class rating
• Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to students
• Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible for emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning, collision avoidance procedures, the manufacturer's recommended procedures for the airplane flown, and other areas deemed appropriate to the practical test

• Required Flight Instructor Endorsements:

  • Student Pilot Endorsements:

    • Pre-solo aeronautical knowledge: § 61.87(b): I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has satisfactorily completed the pre-solo knowledge test of § 61.87(b) for the [make and model] aircraft
    • Pre-solo flight training: § 61.87(c)(1) and (2). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received and logged pre-solo flight training for the maneuvers and procedures that are appropriate to the [make and model] aircraft. I have determined [he or she] has demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety on the maneuvers and procedures required by § 61.87 in this or similar make and model of aircraft to be flown
    • Pre-solo flight training at night: § 61.87(o). Flight training must be received within the 90 calendar-day period preceding the date of the flight. I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received flight training at night on night flying procedures that include takeoffs, approaches, landings, and go-arounds at night at the [airport name] airport where the solo flight will be conducted; navigation training at night in the vicinity of the [airport name] airport where the solo flight will be conducted. This endorsement expires 90 calendar-days from the date the flight training at night was received
    • Solo flight (first 90 calendar-day period): § 61.87(n). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training to qualify for solo flying. I have determined [he or she] meets the applicable requirements of § 61.87(n) and is proficient to make solo flights in [make and model]
    • Solo flight (each additional 90 calendar-day period): § 61.87(p). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training to qualify for solo flying. I have determined that [he or she] meets the applicable requirements of § 61.87(p) and is proficient to make solo flights in [make and model]
    • Solo takeoffs and landings at another airport within 25 nautical miles (NM): § 61.93(b)(1). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.93(b)(1). I have determined that [he or she] is proficient to practice solo takeoffs and landings at [airport name]. The takeoffs and landings at [airport name] are subject to the following conditions: [List any applicable conditions or limitations]
    • Solo cross-country flight: § 61.93(c)(1) and (2). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required solo cross-country training. I find [he or she] has met the applicable requirements of § 61.93, and is proficient to make solo cross-country flights in a [make and model] aircraft, [aircraft category]
    • Solo cross-country flight: § 61.93(c)(3). I have reviewed the cross-country planning of [First name, MI, Last name]. I find the planning and preparation to be correct to make the solo flight from [origination airport] to [origination airport] via [route of flight] with landings at [names of the airports] in a [make and model] aircraft on [date]. [List any applicable conditions or limitations]
    • Repeated solo cross-country flights not more than 50 NM from the point of departure: § 61.93(b)(2).I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training in bothdirections between and at both [airport names]. I have determined that [he or she] isproficient of § 61.93(b)(2) to conduct repeated solo cross-country flights over that route,subject to the following conditions: [List any applicable conditions or limitations]
    • Solo flight in Class B airspace: § 61.95(a). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.95(a). I have determined [he or she] is proficient to conduct solo flights in [name of Class B]airspace. [List any applicable conditions or limitations]
    • Solo flight to, from, or at an airport located in Class B airspace: § 61.95(b) and 14 CFR part 91, § 91.131(b)(1). I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has received the required training of § 61.95(b)(1). I have determined that [he or she] is proficient to conduct solo flight operations at [name of airport]. [List any applicable conditions or limitations]
    • Endorsement of U.S. citizenship recommended by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA): Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) § 1552.3(h). The flight instructor must keep a copy of the documents used to provide proof of citizenship for 5 years or make the following endorsement in the student’s logbook and the instructor’s logbook or other record used to record flight student endorsements with the following: I certify that [First name, MI, Last name] has presented me a [type of document presented, such as a U.S. birth certificate or U.S. passport, and the relevant control or sequential number on the document, if any] establishing that [he or she] is a U.S. citizen or national in accordance with 49 CFR § 1552.3(h)

Commercial Pilot Certificate Eligibility Requirements:

• Be at least 18 years of age;
• Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft
• Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
  • Conducted the required ground training or reviewed the person's home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.125 of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
  • Certified that the person is prepared for the required knowledge test that applies to the aircraft category and class rating sought
• Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.125 of this part;
• Receive the required training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
  • Conducted the training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
  • Certified that the person is prepared for the required practical test
• Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought before applying for the practical test;
• Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;
• Hold at least a private pilot certificate issued under this part or meet the requirements of § 61.73; and
• Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought

Commercial Pilot Aeronautical Knowledge:

• A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor, or complete a home-study course, on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought
• Aeronautical knowledge areas:
  • Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to commercial pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
  • Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board;
  • Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight;
  • Meteorology to include recognition of critical weather situations, windshear recognition and avoidance, and the use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
  • Safe and efficient operation of aircraft;
  • Weight and balance computations;
  • Use of performance charts;
  • Significance and effects of exceeding aircraft performance limitations;
  • Use of aeronautical charts and a magnetic compass for pilotage and dead reckoning;
  • Use of air navigation facilities;
  • Aeronautical decision making and judgment;
  • Principles and functions of aircraft systems;
  • Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency operations appropriate to the aircraft;
  • Night and high-altitude operations;
  • Procedures for operating within the National Airspace System; and
  • Procedures for flight and ground training for lighter-than-air ratings

Commercial Pilot Flight Proficiency:

• A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought:
  • For an airplane category rating with a single-engine class rating
  • For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating
  • For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class rating
  • For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class rating
  • For a powered-lift category rating
  • For a glider category rating
  • For a lighter-than-air category rating with an airship class rating
  • For a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class rating

Commercial Pilot Aeronautical Experience:

• For an airplane single-engine rating
• For an airplane multiengine rating
• For a helicopter rating
• For a gyroplane rating
• For a powered-lift rating
• For a glider rating
• For a airship rating
• For a balloon rating
• Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or flight training device
• Technically advanced airplane

Night Flying Exceptions:

• A person is not required to comply with the night flight training requirements of this subpart if the person receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska
• A person who receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska but does not meet the night flight training requirements of this section:
  • May be issued a pilot certificate with a limitation "night flying prohibited"; and
  • Must comply with the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar-month period after the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that period, the certificate will become invalid for use until the person complies with the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart. The person may have the "night flying prohibited" limitation removed if the person:
    • Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training requirements of FAR Part 61, Subpart F; and
    • Presents to an examiner a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies accomplishment of the appropriate night flight training requirements of FAR Part 61, Subpart F
• A person who does not meet the night flying requirements in FAR 61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2) may be issued a private pilot certificate with the limitation "Night flying prohibited." This limitation may be removed by an examiner if the holder complies with the requirements of FAR 61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2), as appropriate

Commercial Pilot Privileges and Limitations:

• General Privileges:

  • A person who holds a commercial pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
    • Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in accordance with this part and with the applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the operation; and
    • For compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in accordance with this part and with the applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the operation

• Commercial Pilots With Lighter-Than-Air Category Ratings Privileges:

  • A person with a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating may:

    • Airship Privileges:

      • Give flight and ground training in an airship for the issuance of a certificate or rating;
      • Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with an airship rating;
      • Endorse a pilot's logbook for solo operating privileges in an airship;
      • Act as pilot in command of an airship under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimum prescribed for VFR flight; and
      • Give flight and ground training and endorsements that are required for a flight review, an operating privilege or recency-of-experience requirements of this part

    • Balloon Privileges:

      • Give flight and ground training in a balloon for the issuance of a certificate or rating;
      • Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with a balloon rating;
      • Endorse a pilot's logbook for solo operating privileges in a balloon; and
      • Give ground and flight training and endorsements that are required for a flight review, an operating privilege, or recency-of-experience requirements of this part

• Limitations:

  • A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category or powered-lift category rating and does not hold an instrument rating in the same category and class will be issued a commercial pilot certificate that contains the limitation, “The carriage of passengers for hire in (airplanes) (powered-lifts) on cross-country flights in excess of 50 nautical miles or at night is prohibited.” The limitation may be removed when the person satisfactorily accomplishes the requirements listed in § 61.65 of this part for an instrument rating in the same category and class of aircraft listed on the person's commercial pilot certificate
  • If a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with an airborne heater:
    • The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a balloon with an airborne heater
    • The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon
  • f a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon:
    • The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a gas balloon
    • The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon with an airborne heater

Documents required to exercise commercial pilot privileges:

Existing Part 61 Certificate Holders:

Part 107 Operations:

• Any person who operates a civil sUAS in the NAS, for any operation that is not for recreational/pleasure purposes, must have a UAS pilot's certificate (also called the "Part 107 Certificate") with a Small Unmanned Aircraft System Rating

• Part 107 Eligibility Requirements:

  • Be at least 16 years old
  • Be able to read, speak, write, and understand English
  • Be in a physical and mental condition to safely fly a drone
  • Pass the initial aeronautical knowledge exam

• Part 107 Initial Testing Requirements:

  • Current 14 CFR Part 61 certificate holder (Online Training):
    • A person who holds a Part 61 manned pilot certificate (other than a Student pilot certificate), and who has a current flight review, as per 14 CFR Section 61.56, may complete Online Training that is offered by the FAA to obtain their 14 CFR Part 107, in lieu of taking the Initial Knowledge Test
    • However, a Part 61 certificate holder may also take the sUAS Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test for certification
  • Non 14 CFR Part 61 certificate holder, or 14 CFR Part 61 certificate holder lacking currency (Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test):
    • A person who does not hold a 14 CFR Part 61 manned pilot certificate and/or they do not have a current flight review must take the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test at an FAA designated Knowledge Testing Center to obtain their sUAS Certificate

• Part 107 Recurrent Training/Testing Requirements:

  • To exercise the privileges of a sUAS certificate that was issued under 14 CFR Part 107, a person must maintain currency
    • Therefore, the FAA requires that a person take a recurrent course within 24 months from the month the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test was passed, or the Online Training was completed
  • Recurrent training (online training) is found at the FAA's Become a Drone Pilot website: https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/become_a_drone_pilot/

• Part 107 Pre-Test Training Requirements:

  • No documented pre-test training is required under Part 107 to take the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test
    • However, the FAA Remote Pilot Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Study Guide is an excellent resource
    • To view the FAA Remote Pilot – Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Study Guide see: https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/remote_pilot_study_guide.pdf
  • Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test subject areas: The testing topics for the sUAS Knowledge Test can be found in 14 CFR Section 107.73, Knowledge and Training
  • Part 107 online training: This online training may be used by those who hold a 14 CFR Part 61 pilot certificate (not including a student pilot certificate) seeking 14 CFR Part 107 remote pilot certification
    • A person who holds a 14 CFR Part 61 pilot certificate must also show, at the time of certification, a current Flight Review as per 14 CFR Section 61.56
  • Neither the Part 107 Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test nor the Recreational TRUST have any requirements for flight instructor endorsements prior to testing
  • A person who fails the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test must wait 14 calendar days before they may retake the test
  • TRUST may be retaken at any time

• Part 107 sUAS Initial Aeronautical Test Registration:

  • Before a person can take the sUAS Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test at an FAA recognized testing center, that person must obtain an FAA Tracking Number (FTN)
    • To obtain an FTN a person must create an account in the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) system
    • For detailed instructions on how to obtain an FTN, see the FAA Airman Certificate Testing Service (ACTS) Contract Briefing
    • Any person who has any FAA Airman Certificate will already have an FTN
    • The FAA's Airman Certificate Testing Service (ACTS) Contract Briefing, may be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETLsH8BruBM
  • Once an applicant has their FTN, they will go to the testing vendor's website and register for the test
    • The FAA testing vendor is PSI Services LLC: https://candidate.psiexams.com/
    • Photo identification is required

• Part 107 Aeronautical Knowledge:

  • Knowledge test topic areas include:
    • Applicable regulations relating to small unmanned aircraft system rating privileges, limitations, and flight operation
    • Airspace classification and operating requirements, and flight restrictions affecting small unmanned aircraft operation
    • Aviation weather sources and effects of weather on small unmanned aircraft performance
    • Small unmanned aircraft loading and performance
    • Emergency procedures
    • Crew resource management
    • Radio communication procedures
    • Determining the performance of small unmanned aircraft
    • Physiological effects of drugs and alcohol
    • Aeronautical decision-making and judgment
    • Airport operations
    • Maintenance and preflight inspection procedures

• Part 107 sUAS Certification Application:

  • The Become a Drone Pilot website has instructions on how to obtain the 14 CFR Part 107 Pilot Certificate, following testing or online training completion
  • Complete FAA Form 8710-13 for a remote pilot certificate (FAA Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application) using the electronic FAA Integrated Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application system (IACRA)*
    • Register using the FAA IACRA system
    • Login with username and password
    • Click on "Start New Application" and 1) Application Type "Pilot", 2) Certifications "Remote Pilot", 3) Other Path Information, 4) Start Application
    • Follow application prompts
    • When prompted, enter the 17-digit Knowledge Test Exam ID (NOTE: it may take up to 48 hours from the test date for the knowledge test to appear in IACRA)
    • Sign the application electronically and submit for processing
  • A confirmation email will be sent when an applicant has completed the TSA security background check. This email will provide instructions for printing a copy of the temporary remote pilot certificate from IACRA
  • A permanent remote pilot certificate will be sent via mail once all other FAA-internal processing is complete
  • Have your Remote Pilot Certificate available whenever you fly your UAS

• Part 107 privileges and limitations:

  • A person who holds a sUAS Certificate is afforded all of the privileges of the certificate
    • This includes the ability to operate at night and over people without a waiver, under certain conditions
    • Any remote pilot who holds a 14 CFR Part 107 sUAS certificate issued prior to April 6, 2021, must take the updated recurrent training (the online training) to operate at night or over people

Recreational Flyer Operations:

• A person who is flying a UAS for recreational/pleasure purposes in the NAS must have taken and passed TRUST, as required by 14 USC 44809

• Recreational Flyer Eligibility Requirements:

  • There are no minimum age or other eligibility requirements for a recreational UAS pilot to take TRUST

• Recreational Flyer Initial Testing Requirements:

  • Any person who flies a UAS for recreational use under 49 USC 44809 must take and pass TRUST
  • A current 14 CFR Part 107 sUAS certificate holder may fly recreationally under that part, but must adhere entirely to 14 CFR Part 107 rules and requirements
    • If a Part 107 sUAS certificate holder wishes to fly under 49 USC 44809, they must take and pass TRUST

• Recreational Flyer Recurrent Training/Testing Requirements:

  • TRUST is taken on a once-and-done basis; no recurrent testing is required

• Recreational Flyer Pre-Test Training Requirements:

  • No pre-test training is necessary to complete TRUST
  • Neither the Part 107 Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test nor the Recreational TRUST have any requirements for flight instructor endorsements prior to testing
  • A person who fails the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test must wait 14 calendar days before they may retake the test
  • TRUST may be retaken at any time

• The Recreational UAS Safety Test (TRUST):

  • The Recreational UAS Safety Test (TRUST) module was developed in consultation with multiple UAS stakeholders and through interested party feedback
  • TRUST is available electronically, has no minimum age limit, and is provided by volunteer test administrators, vetted by the FAA
  • The FAA's The Recreational UAS Safety Test website may be viewed at: https://www.faa.gov/uas/recreational_fliers/knowledge_test_updates/
  • See AIM, paragraph 11-5-1, UAS Pilot Certification and Requirements for Part 107 and Recreational Flyers, for further information on TRUST. Also, additional information regarding TRUST is available at the FAA's The Recreational UAS Safety Test website

Pilot Certification for 14 CFR Part 135, Part 137, and Large Civil UAS:

• Currently, FAA regulations require a commercial pilot certificate for 14 CFR Part 135 Remote PICs
• Pilot certification for 14 CFR Part 137. For civil UAS agricultural aircraft operations, the 14 CFR Section 137.19(b) and (c) requirement (that the pilot hold a private or commercial pilot certificate) is exempted; only a 14 CFR Part 107 pilot certificate is required. This policy pertains to all UAS regardless of weight. However, all civil pilots conducting agricultural aircraft operations must satisfactorily pass the knowledge and skill test of 14 CFR Section 137.19(e) and 14 CFR Section 137.41(b) or (c)
• Pilot certification for other large civil UAS. Requirements for future large civil UAS operations will be addressed in future rulemaking

Foreign Pilot Certification:

• Part 107 Operations:
  • Foreign national holding a U.S. issued 14 CFR Part 61 certificate. Foreign nationals are eligible for a sUAS certificate in the same way that a U.S. citizen is eligible
  • Foreign national not holding a U.S. issued 14 CFR Part 61 certificate. A foreign national who does not hold a U.S.-issued 14 CFR Part 61 certificate, must take and pass the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test to obtain a sUAS Pilot Certificate in order to operate in the NAS
• Recreational Flyer Operations:
  • A foreign national is required to have passed TRUST to fly a UAS recreationally under 49 USC 44809 in the United States
• Security vetting:
  • All applicants, regardless of nationality, must pass a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Security Threat Analysis (STA) before the FAA will issue a temporary or permanent Pilot’s Certificate under Part 107
• Bi-lateral agreements:
  • Currently, the United States does not have any bi-lateral agreements with any other countries that would allow the issuance of a U.S. sUAS certificate that is based on a foreign UAS Pilot’s Certificate