- In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration regulates general aviation
- According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 50,000+ people are issued one or more certificates, from student to airline transport, by age 24
- Certificates are broken up into pilot, and Instructor certificates, each with unique privileges and limitations
- Pilot certificates include: student, sport, recreational, private, commercial, airline transport, remote pilot certificates
- Instructor certificates include: flight and ground instructiors
- Additionally, ratings can be placed upon these certificates
- Ratings are numerous, but related to the aircraft flown, most commonly airplanes, rotorcraft, gliders, etc., but may also be specific to an individual aircraft like a 787
- The type of intended flying influences what type of pilot's certificate is required
- Eligibility, training, experience, and testing requirements differ depending on the type of certificates sought
- Each type of pilot's certificate has privileges and limitations that are inherent within the certificate itself
- However, other privileges and limitations may be applicable based on the aircraft type, operation being conducted, and the type of certificate
- For example, a certain certificate may have privileges and limitations under 14 CFR part 61 and part 91
- Privileges: define where and when the pilot may fly, with whom they may fly, the purpose of the flight, and the type of aircraft they are allowed to fly
- Limitations: the FAA may impose limitations on a pilot certificate if, during training or the practical test, the pilot does not demonstrate all skills necessary to exercise all privileges of a privilege level, category, class, or type rating
- Endorsements, a form of authorization, are written to establish that the certificate holder has received training in specific skill areas. Endorsements are written and signed by an authorized individual, usually a certificated flight instructor (CFI), and are based on aircraft classification. [Figure 1-21]
- The following certificates are issued under part 61 to an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the certificate sought:
-
- The first step in becoming a pilot is to select a type of aircraft
- FAA rules for obtaining a pilot's certificate differ depending on the type of aircraft flown (airplanes, gyroplanes, weight-shift, helicopters, powered parachutes, gliders, balloons, or airships)
- A pilot does not need a certificate to fly ultralight vehicles
-
- A student pilot is one who is being trained by an instructor pilot for his or her first full certificate, and is permitted to fly alone (solo) under specific, limited circumstances. Before a student pilot may be endorsed to fly solo, that student must have a Student Pilot Certificate. There are multiple ways that an aspiring pilot can obtain their Student Pilot Certificate. The application may be processed by an FAA inspector or technician, an FAA-Designated Pilot Examiner, a Certified Flight Instructor (CFI), or an Airman Certification Representative (ACR). If the application is completed electronically, the authorized person will submit the application to the FAA's Airman Certification Branch (AFS-760) in Oklahoma City, OK, via the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA). If the application is completed on paper, it must be sent to the local Flight Standards District Office (FSDO), who will forward it to AFS-760. Once the application is processed, the applicant will receive the Student Pilot Certificate by mail at the address provided on the application
- The aforementioned process will become effective on April 1, 2016. The new certificate will be printed on a plastic card, which will replace the paper certificate that was issued in the past. The plastic card certificate will not have an expiration date. Paper certificates issued prior to the new process will still expire according to the date on the certificate; however, under the new process, paper certificates cannot be renewed. Once the paper certificate expires, the Student Pilot must submit a new application under the new process. Another significant change in the new process is that flight instructors will now make endorsements for solo privileges in the Student Pilot's logbook, instead of endorsing the Student Pilot Certificate
- To be eligible for a Student Pilot Certificate, the applicant must:
- Be at least 16 years of age (14 years of age to pilot a glider or balloon)
- Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language
-
- The second step in becoming a pilot is to obtain a medical certificate (if the choice of aircraft is an airplane, helicopter, gyroplane, or an airship)
- The FAA suggests the individual get a medical certificate before beginning flight training to avoid the expense of flight training that cannot be continued due to a medical condition
- Balloon or glider pilots do not need a medical certificate, but do need to write a statement certifying that no medical defect exists that would prevent them from piloting a balloon or glider
- The new sport pilot category does not require a medical examination; a driver's license can be used as proof of medical competence
- Applicants who fail to meet certain requirements or who have physical disabilities which might limit, but not prevent, their acting as pilots, should contact the nearest FAA office
- Anyone requesting an FAA Medical Clearance, Medical Certificate, or Student Pilot Medical Certificate can electronically complete an application through the FAA's MedXPress system available at https://medxpress.faa.gov/
- A medical certificate is obtained by passing a physical examination administered by a doctor who is an FAA-authorized AME
- To find an AME near you, go to the FAA's AME locator at www.faa.gov/pilots/amelocator/
- Medical certificates are designated as first class, second class, or third class
- Generally, first class is designed for the airline transport pilot; second class for the commercial pilot; and third class for the student, recreational, and private pilot
- A Student Pilot Certificate can be processed by an FAA inspector or technician, an FAA Designated pilot examiner (DPE), an Airman Certification Representative (ACR), or a Certified Flight Instructor (CFI)
- This certificate allows an individual who is being trained by a flight instructor to fly alone (solo) under specific, limited circumstances and must be carried with the student pilot while exercising solo flight privileges
- The Student Pilot Certificate is only required when exercising solo flight privileges
- The student certificate does not have an expiration date
-
- Once a student has accrued sufficient training and experience, a CFI can endorse the student's logbook to authorize limited solo flight in a specific type (make and model) of aircraft in accordance with statuatory priveleges and limitations
- There is no minimum aeronautical knowledge or experience requirement for the issuance of a Student Pilot Certificate; however, there are minimum aeronautical knowledge and experience requirements for student pilots to solo
-
- A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
- That is carrying a passenger;
- That is carrying property for compensation or hire;
- For compensation or hire;
- In furtherance of a business;
- On an international flight, except that a student pilot may make solo training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse, Yukon, Canada, and return over the province of British Columbia;
- With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3 statute miles during daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;
- When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to the surface; or
- In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the pilot's logbook by an authorized instructor
- A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when receiving flight training from an authorized instructor on board an airship, and no person other than a required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft
- A student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must comply with the provisions above and may not act as pilot in command:
- Of an aircraft other than a light-sport aircraft;
- At night;
- At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher;
- In Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or on an airport having an operational control tower without having received the ground and flight training specified in § 61.94 and an endorsement from an authorized instructor;
- Of a light-sport aircraft without having received the applicable ground training, flight training, and instructor endorsements specified in § 61.327 (a) and (b)
- The holder of a student pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft without holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the student pilot holds a valid U.S. driver's license, meets the requirements of § 61.23(c)(3) [BasicMed], and the operation is conducted consistent with the requirements above and the conditions of § 61.113(i)
- Where the requirements above conflict with § 61.113(i), a student pilot must comply with the above (61.89 paragraphs (a) and (b)
- Per FAR 61.31(d)(2), once you've received a pilot certificate, such as a private pilot certificate, you no longer require a student pilot certificate
- Therefore, pilots seeking a certificate for another category may leverage their pilot certificate in place of a student pilot certificate
-
-
- Be at least 16 years old to become a student sport pilot (14 years old for gliders or balloons)
- Be at least 17 years old to test for a sport pilot certificate (16 years old for gliders or balloons)
- Be able to read, write, and understand the English language
- Hold a current and valid driver's license as evidence of medical eligibility
-
- To become a sport pilot, the student pilot is required to have flown, at a minimum, the following hours depending upon the aircraft:
- Airplane: 20 hours
- Powered Parachute: 12 hours
- Weight-Shift Control (Trikes): 20 hours
- Glider: 10 hours
- Rotorcraft (gyroplane only): 20 hours
- Lighter-Than-Air: 20 hours (airship) or 7 hours (balloon)
-
- Privileges:
- Operate as pilot in command (PIC) of a light-sport aircraft unless otherwise stipulated (see below)
- Carry a passenger and share expenses (fuel, oil, airport expenses, and aircraft rental only)
- You must pay at least half the operating expenses of the flight
- Fly during the daytime using VFR, a minimum of 3 statute miles visibility and visual contact with the ground are required
- Limitations:
- Prohibited from carrying more than one passenger
- Prohibited from flying in Class A airspace
- Prohibited from flying in Class B, C, or D airspace until you receive training and a logbook endorsement from an instructor(FAR 61.325)
- No flights outside the United States without prior permission from the foreign aviation authority
- May not tow any object
- No flights while carrying a passenger or property for compensation or hire
- Prohibited from flying in furtherance of a business
- At night
- To demonstrate the aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer if you are an aircraft salesperson
- In a passenger-carrying airlift sponsored by a charitable organization
- At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher
- When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute miles
- Without visual reference to the surface
- If the aircraft:
- Has a VH greater than 87 knots CAS, unless you have met the requirements of §61.327(b)
- Has a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS, unless you have met the requirements of §61.327(a) or have logged flight time as pilot in command of an airplane with a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS before April 2, 2010
- Contrary to any operating limitation placed on the airworthiness certificate of the aircraft being flown
- Contrary to any limit on your pilot certificate or airman medical certificate, or any other limit or endorsement from an authorized instructor
- Contrary to any restriction or limitation on your U.S. driver's license or any restriction or limitation imposed by judicial or administrative order when using your driver's license to satisfy a requirement of this part
- As a pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted
- The sport pilot certificate does not list aircraft category and class ratings. After successfully passing the practical test for a sport pilot certificate, regardless of the light-sport aircraft privileges you seek, the FAA will issue you a sport pilot certificate without any category and class ratings. The Instructor will provide you with the appropriate logbook endorsement for the category and class of aircraft in which you are authorized to act as pilot in command
-
- To become a recreational pilot, one must:
- Be at least 17 years old
- Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English language
- Pass the required knowledge test (70%+)
- Meet the aeronautical experience requirements in either a single-engine airplane, a helicopter, or a gyroplane
- Obtain a logbook endorsement from an instructor
- Obtain a third-class medical certificate issued under 14 CFR part 67
- As a recreational pilot, cross-country flight is limited to a 50 NM range from the departure airport but is permitted with additional training per 14 CFR part 61, section 61.101(c). Additionally, recreational pilots are restricted from flying at night and flying in airspace where communications with ATC are required
- The minimum aeronautical experience requirements for a recreational pilot license involve:
- 30 hours of flight time including at least:
- 15 hours of dual instruction
- 2 hours of en route training
- 3 hours in preparation for the practical test
- 3 hours of solo flight
- When operating as a recreational pilot, some of the following privileges and limitations may apply:
- Privileges:
- Carry no more than one passenger;
- Not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with a passenger, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental fees
- A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight within 50 nautical miles from the departure airport, provided that person has received training in accordance with FAR 61.101(b)
- A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight that exceeds 50 nautical miles from the departure airport, provided that person has met the requirements of FAR 61.101(c)
- A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft in Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower, provided that person has met the requirements of FAR 61.101(d)
- Limitations:
- A recreational pilot may not act as PIC of an aircraft that is certificated for more than four occupants or has more than one powerplant
- That is certificated:
- For more than four occupants;
- With more than one powerplant;
- With a powerplant of more than 180 horsepower, except aircraft certificated in the rotorcraft category; or
- With retractable landing gear;
- That is classified as a multiengine airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, balloon, powered parachute, or weight-shift-control aircraft;
- That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation or hire;
- For compensation or hire;
- In furtherance of a business;
- Between sunset and sunrise;
- In Class A, B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, or to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower;
- At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher;
- When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute miles;
- Without visual reference to the surface;
- On a flight outside the United States, unless authorized by the country in which the flight is conducted;
- To demonstrate that aircraft in flight as an aircraft salesperson to a prospective buyer;
- That is used in a passenger-carrying airlift and sponsored by a charitable organization; and
- That is towing any object
- A recreational pilot may not act as a pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when:
- Receiving flight training from a person authorized to provide flight training on board an airship; and
- No person other than a required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft
- A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate, has logged fewer than 400 flight hours, and has not logged pilot-in-command time in an aircraft within the 180 days preceding the flight shall not act as pilot in command of an aircraft until the pilot receives flight training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor, and the instructor certifies that the person is proficient to act as pilot in command of the aircraft. This requirement can be met in combination with the requirements of §§61.56 and 61.57 of this part, at the discretion of the authorized instructor
- A recreational pilot certificate issued under this subpart carries the notation, "Holder does not meet ICAO requirements"
- For the purpose of obtaining additional certificates or ratings while under the supervision of an authorized instructor, a recreational pilot may fly as the sole occupant of an aircraft:
- For which the pilot does not hold an appropriate category or class rating;
- Within airspace that requires communication with air traffic control; or
- Between sunset and sunrise, provided the flight or surface visibility is at least 5 statute miles
- In order to fly solo, the recreational pilot must meet the appropriate aeronautical knowledge and flight training requirements of §61.87 for that aircraft. When operating an aircraft under the conditions specified in paragraph (i) of this section, the recreational pilot shall carry the logbook that has been endorsed for each flight by an authorized instructor who:
- Has given the recreational pilot training in the make and model of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be made;
- Has found that the recreational pilot has met the applicable requirements of §61.87; and
- Has found that the recreational pilot is competent to make solo flights in accordance with the logbook endorsement
-
- A private pilot is one who flies for pleasure or personal business without accepting compensation for flying except in some very limited, specific circumstances
- It allows command of any aircraft (subject to appropriate ratings) for any noncommercial purpose and gives almost unlimited authority to fly under VFR
- Passengers may be carried and flight in furtherance of a business is permitted; however, a private pilot may not be compensated in any way for services as a pilot, although passengers can pay a pro rata share of flight expenses, such as fuel or rental costs
- Eligibility requirements outlined in FAR 61.103 must be met before taking the practical test
- The practical test exists to validate aeronautical knowledge, experience, and flight proficiency requirements are satisfied
- If training under 14 CFR part 61, experience requirements include at least 40 hours of piloting time, including 20 hours of flight with an instructor and 10 hours of solo flight
-
- Private Pilot eligibility requirements are provided in FAR 61.103, "Eligibility requirements: General," stating pilots must:
- Be at least 17 years of age for a rating in other than a glider or balloon
- Be at least 16 years of age for a rating in a glider or balloon
- Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language
- Advisory Cicular 60-28 describes the requirements which are detailed in ICAO document 9835 and is evaluated by the practical test examiner
- If unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then an operating limitations necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft may apply
- Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
- Conducted the training or reviewed the person's home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in FAR 61.105(b) that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and
- Certified that the person is prepared for the required knowledge test
- Pass the required knowledge test (70%+) on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in FAR 61.105(b) and in accordance with the minimum standards outlined in the Private Pilot (Airplane) Airman Certification Standards (ACS)/Private Pilot Rotorcraft ACS/Private Pilot Powered-Lift ACS.
- Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
- Conducted the training in the areas of operation listed in FAR 61.107(b) that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and
- Certified that the person is prepared for the required practical test
- Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought before applying for the practical test
- Pass a practical test on the areas of operation listed in FAR 61.107(b) that apply to the aircraft rating sought
- Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought
- Hold a U.S. student pilot certificate, sport pilot certificate, or recreational pilot certificate
-
- To satisfy the aeronautical knowledge requirements outlined in FAR 61.105, a person who is applying for a private pilot certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought:
- Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that relate to private pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
- Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board;
- Use of the applicable portions of the "Aeronautical Information Manual" and FAA advisory circulars;
- Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems;
- Radio communication procedures;
- Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
- Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;
- Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance;
- Weight and balance computations;
- Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;
- Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques for the airplane and glider category ratings;
- Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
- Preflight action that includes--
- How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and
- How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed or delays are encountered
-
- Private pilot aeronautical experience requirements are outlined in FAR 61.109 for each category and class:
-
- Private pilot flight proficiency requirements are outlined in FAR 61.109 for each category and class:
-
- Private pilot privileges and limitations are outlined in FAR 61.113
- Except as exempted below, no person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft
- A private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if:
- The flight is only incidental to that business or employment; and
- The aircraft does not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire
- A private pilot may not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees
- A private pilot may act as pilot in command of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event flight described in §91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply with the requirements of §91.146
- A private pilot may be reimbursed for aircraft operating expenses that are directly related to search and location operations, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees, and the operation is sanctioned and under the direction and control of:
- A local, State, or Federal agency; or
- An organization that conducts search and location operations
- A private pilot who is an aircraft salesman and who has at least 200 hours of logged flight time may demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer
- A private pilot who meets the requirements of §61.69 may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle
- A private pilot may act as pilot in command for the purpose of conducting a production flight test in a light-sport aircraft intended for certification in the light-sport category under §21.190 of this chapter, provided that:
- The aircraft is a powered parachute or a weight-shift-control aircraft;
- The person has at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in the category and class of aircraft flown; and
- The person is familiar with the processes and procedures applicable to the conduct of production flight testing, to include operations conducted under a special flight permit and any associated operating limitations
-
- No person may serve as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of the United States, unless that person:
- Has in the person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization -
- A pilot certificate issued under this part and in accordance with FAR 61.19;
- A special purpose pilot authorization issued under FAR 61.77;
- A temporary certificate issued under FAR 61.17;
- A document conveying temporary authority to exercise certificate privileges issued by the Airmen Certification Branch under § 61.29(e); or
- When operating an aircraft within a foreign country, a pilot license issued by that country may be used
- Has a photo identification that is in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization
- See FAR 61.3 for a list of acceptable photo identifications
- Medical certificate:
- A person may serve as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft only if that person holds the appropriate medical certificate issued under FAR part 67, or other documentation acceptable to the FAA, that is in that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft unless meeting exemption criteria of FAR 61.3, paragraph (c)(2)
- *Required pilot certificate for operating a foreign-registered aircraft within the United States can be found in FAR 61.3
-
- A commercial pilot may be compensated for flying. Training for the certificate focuses on a better understanding of aircraft systems and a higher standard of airmanship. The Commercial Pilot Certificate itself does not allow a pilot to fly in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), and commercial pilots without an instrument rating are restricted to daytime flight within 50 NM when flying for hire
- A commercial airplane pilot must be able to operate a complex airplane, as a specific number of hours of complex (or turbine-powered) aircraft time are among the prerequisites, and at least a portion of the practical examination is performed in a complex aircraft. A complex aircraft must have retractable landing gear, movable flaps, and a controllable-pitch propeller. See 14 CFR part 61, section 61.31(e) for additional information. [Figure 1-23]
- The FAA adopted a final rule in Nov 2022 requiring commercial hot-air balloon pilots to hold medical certificates when flying paying passengers. The rule mandates a second-class medical certificate, the same standard required for other commercial pilots
-
- Be at least 18 years of age;
- Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft
- Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
- Conducted the required ground training or reviewed the person's home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.125 of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
- Certified that the person is prepared for the required knowledge test that applies to the aircraft category and class rating sought
- Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in § 61.125 of this part;
- Receive the required training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
- Conducted the training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
- Certified that the person is prepared for the required practical test
- Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought before applying for the practical test;
- Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;
- Hold at least a private pilot certificate issued under this part or meet the requirements of § 61.73; and
- Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought
-
-
-
-
-
- A person who holds a commercial pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
- Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in accordance with part 61 and with the applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the operation; and
- For compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in accordance with this part and with the applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the operation
- Commercial pilots with lighter-than-air category ratings:
- A person with a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating may:
- For an airship:
- Give flight and ground training in an airship for the issuance of a certificate or rating;
- Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with an airship rating;
- Endorse a pilot's logbook for solo operating privileges in an airship;
- Act as pilot in command of an airship under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimum prescribed for VFR flight; and
- Give flight and ground training and endorsements that are required for a flight review, an operating privilege or recency-of-experience requirements of this part
- For a balloon:
- Give flight and ground training in a balloon for the issuance of a certificate or rating;
- Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with a balloon rating;
- Endorse a pilot's logbook for solo operating privileges in a balloon; and
- Give ground and flight training and endorsements that are required for a flight review, an operating privilege, or recency-of-experience requirements of this part
-
- A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category or powered-lift category rating and does not hold an instrument rating in the same category and class will be issued a commercial pilot certificate that contains the limitation, “The carriage of passengers for hire in (airplanes) (powered-lifts) on cross-country flights in excess of 50 nautical miles or at night is prohibited.” The limitation may be removed when the person satisfactorily accomplishes the requirements listed in § 61.65 of this part for an instrument rating in the same category and class of aircraft listed on the person's commercial pilot certificate
- If a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with an airborne heater:
- The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a balloon with an airborne heater
- The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon
- If a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon:
- The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a gas balloon
- The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon with an airborne heater
-
-
- The airline transport pilot (ATP) is tested to the highest level of piloting ability. The ATP certificate is a prerequisite for serving as a PIC and second in command (SIC) of scheduled airline operations. It is also a prerequisite for serving as a PIC in select charter and fractional operations. The minimum pilot experience is 1,500 hours of flight time. In addition, the pilot must be at least 23 years of age, be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English language, and be "of good moral standing." A pilot may obtain an ATP certificate with restricted privileges enabling him/her to serve as an SIC in scheduled airline operations. The minimum pilot experience is reduced based upon specific academic and flight training experience. The minimum age to be eligible is 21 years. [Figure 1-24]
-
- No person may manipulate the flight controls of a small unmanned aircraft system unless:
- That person has a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating issued under part 107; or
- That person is under the direct supervision of a remote pilot in command and the remote pilot in command has the ability to immediately take direct control of the flight of the small unmanned aircraft
- Except as provided below, no person may act as a remote pilot in command unless that person has a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating issued pursuant to Subpart C of this part and satisfies the requirements of 107.65
- The Administrator may, consistent with international standards, authorize an airman to operate a civil foreign-registered small unmanned aircraft without an FAA-issued remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating
- The process will depend upon your prior (if any) aeronautical experience:
-
-
- Any person who operates a civil sUAS in the NAS, for any operation that is not for recreational/pleasure purposes, must have a UAS pilot's certificate (also called the "Part 107 Certificate") with a Small Unmanned Aircraft System Rating
-
- Be at least 16 years old
- Be able to read, speak, write, and understand English
- Be in a physical and mental condition to safely fly a drone
- Pass the initial aeronautical knowledge exam
-
- Current 14 CFR Part 61 certificate holder (Online Training):
- A person who holds a Part 61 manned pilot certificate (other than a Student pilot certificate), and who has a current flight review, as per 14 CFR Section 61.56, may complete Online Training that is offered by the FAA to obtain their 14 CFR Part 107, in lieu of taking the Initial Knowledge Test
- However, a Part 61 certificate holder may also take the sUAS Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test for certification
- Non 14 CFR Part 61 certificate holder, or 14 CFR Part 61 certificate holder lacking currency (Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test):
- A person who does not hold a 14 CFR Part 61 manned pilot certificate and/or they do not have a current flight review must take the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test at an FAA designated Knowledge Testing Center to obtain their sUAS Certificate
-
- To exercise the privileges of a sUAS certificate that was issued under 14 CFR Part 107, a person must maintain currency
- Therefore, the FAA requires that a person take a recurrent course within 24 months from the month the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test was passed, or the Online Training was completed
- Recurrent training (online training) is found at the FAA's Become a Drone Pilot website: https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/become_a_drone_pilot/
-
- No documented pre-test training is required under Part 107 to take the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test
- However, the FAA Remote Pilot Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Study Guide is an excellent resource
- To view the FAA Remote Pilot – Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Study Guide see: https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/remote_pilot_study_guide.pdf
- Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test subject areas: The testing topics for the sUAS Knowledge Test can be found in 14 CFR Section 107.73, Knowledge and Training
- Part 107 online training: This online training may be used by those who hold a 14 CFR Part 61 pilot certificate (not including a student pilot certificate) seeking 14 CFR Part 107 remote pilot certification
- A person who holds a 14 CFR Part 61 pilot certificate must also show, at the time of certification, a current Flight Review as per 14 CFR Section 61.56
- Neither the Part 107 Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test nor the Recreational TRUST have any requirements for flight instructor endorsements prior to testing
- A person who fails the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test must wait 14 calendar days before they may retake the test
- TRUST may be retaken at any time
-
- Before a person can take the sUAS Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test at an FAA recognized testing center, that person must obtain an FAA Tracking Number (FTN)
- To obtain an FTN a person must create an account in the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) system
- For detailed instructions on how to obtain an FTN, see the FAA Airman Certificate Testing Service (ACTS) Contract Briefing
- Any person who has any FAA Airman Certificate will already have an FTN
- The FAA's Airman Certificate Testing Service (ACTS) Contract Briefing, may be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETLsH8BruBM
- Once an applicant has their FTN, they will go to the testing vendor's website and register for the test
- The FAA testing vendor is PSI Services LLC: https://candidate.psiexams.com/
- Photo identification is required
-
- Knowledge test topic areas include:
- Applicable regulations relating to small unmanned aircraft system rating privileges, limitations, and flight operation
- Airspace classification and operating requirements, and flight restrictions affecting small unmanned aircraft operation
- Aviation weather sources and effects of weather on small unmanned aircraft performance
- Small unmanned aircraft loading and performance
- Emergency procedures
- Crew resource management
- Radio communication procedures
- Determining the performance of small unmanned aircraft
- Physiological effects of drugs and alcohol
- Aeronautical decision-making and judgment
- Airport operations
- Maintenance and preflight inspection procedures
-
- The Become a Drone Pilot website has instructions on how to obtain the 14 CFR Part 107 Pilot Certificate, following testing or online training completion
- Complete FAA Form 8710-13 for a remote pilot certificate (FAA Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application) using the electronic FAA Integrated Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application system (IACRA)*
- Register using the FAA IACRA system
- Login with username and password
- Click on "Start New Application" and 1) Application Type "Pilot", 2) Certifications "Remote Pilot", 3) Other Path Information, 4) Start Application
- Follow application prompts
- When prompted, enter the 17-digit Knowledge Test Exam ID (NOTE: it may take up to 48 hours from the test date for the knowledge test to appear in IACRA)
- Sign the application electronically and submit for processing
- A confirmation email will be sent when an applicant has completed the TSA security background check. This email will provide instructions for printing a copy of the temporary remote pilot certificate from IACRA
- A permanent remote pilot certificate will be sent via mail once all other FAA-internal processing is complete
- Have your Remote Pilot Certificate available whenever you fly your UAS
-
- A person who holds a sUAS Certificate is afforded all of the privileges of the certificate
- This includes the ability to operate at night and over people without a waiver, under certain conditions
- Any remote pilot who holds a 14 CFR Part 107 sUAS certificate issued prior to April 6, 2021, must take the updated recurrent training (the online training) to operate at night or over people
-
- A person who is flying a UAS for recreational/pleasure purposes in the NAS must have taken and passed TRUST, as required by 14 USC 44809
-
- There are no minimum age or other eligibility requirements for a recreational UAS pilot to take TRUST
-
- Any person who flies a UAS for recreational use under 49 USC 44809 must take and pass TRUST
- A current 14 CFR Part 107 sUAS certificate holder may fly recreationally under that part, but must adhere entirely to 14 CFR Part 107 rules and requirements
- If a Part 107 sUAS certificate holder wishes to fly under 49 USC 44809, they must take and pass TRUST
-
- TRUST is taken on a once-and-done basis; no recurrent testing is required
-
- No pre-test training is necessary to complete TRUST
- Neither the Part 107 Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test nor the Recreational TRUST have any requirements for flight instructor endorsements prior to testing
- A person who fails the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test must wait 14 calendar days before they may retake the test
- TRUST may be retaken at any time
-
- The Recreational UAS Safety Test (TRUST) module was developed in consultation with multiple UAS stakeholders and through interested party feedback
- TRUST is available electronically, has no minimum age limit, and is provided by volunteer test administrators, vetted by the FAA
- The FAA's The Recreational UAS Safety Test website may be viewed at: https://www.faa.gov/uas/recreational_fliers/knowledge_test_updates/
- See AIM, paragraph 11-5-1, UAS Pilot Certification and Requirements for Part 107 and Recreational Flyers, for further information on TRUST. Also, additional information regarding TRUST is available at the FAA's The Recreational UAS Safety Test website
-
- Currently, FAA regulations require a commercial pilot certificate for 14 CFR Part 135 Remote PICs
- Pilot certification for 14 CFR Part 137. For civil UAS agricultural aircraft operations, the 14 CFR Section 137.19(b) and (c) requirement (that the pilot hold a private or commercial pilot certificate) is exempted; only a 14 CFR Part 107 pilot certificate is required. This policy pertains to all UAS regardless of weight. However, all civil pilots conducting agricultural aircraft operations must satisfactorily pass the knowledge and skill test of 14 CFR Section 137.19(e) and 14 CFR Section 137.41(b) or (c)
- Pilot certification for other large civil UAS. Requirements for future large civil UAS operations will be addressed in future rulemaking
-
- Part 107 Operations:
- Foreign national holding a U.S. issued 14 CFR Part 61 certificate. Foreign nationals are eligible for a sUAS certificate in the same way that a U.S. citizen is eligible
- Foreign national not holding a U.S. issued 14 CFR Part 61 certificate. A foreign national who does not hold a U.S.−issued 14 CFR Part 61 certificate, must take and pass the Initial Aeronautical Knowledge Test to obtain a sUAS Pilot Certificate in order to operate in the NAS
- Recreational Flyer Operations:
- A foreign national is required to have passed TRUST to fly a UAS recreationally under 49 USC 44809 in the United States
- Security vetting:
- All applicants, regardless of nationality, must pass a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Security Threat Analysis (STA) before the FAA will issue a temporary or permanent Pilot’s Certificate under Part 107
- Bi−lateral agreements:
- Currently, the United States does not have any bi−lateral agreements with any other countries that would allow the issuance of a U.S. sUAS certificate that is based on a foreign UAS Pilot’s Certificate
- When operating as a PAO, the operator is required to train and the agency will self−certify pilots as competent to safely operate in the NAS
- For more information and best practices on pilot certification and training within the framework of a PAO, refer to AC 00−1.1, Public Aircraft Operations-Manned and Unmanned
- There are two types of instructor certificates, flight, and ground:
-
- The following ratings are placed on a flight instructor certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the rating sought:
- Aircraft category ratings:
- Airplane
- Rotorcraft
- Glider
- Powered-lift
- Airplane class ratings:
- Single-engine
- Multiengine
- Rotorcraft class ratings:
- Instrument ratings:
- Instrument -- Airplane
- Instrument -- Helicopter
- Instrument -- Powered-lift
- Sport pilot rating
- A flight instructor rating or a limited flight instructor rating on a pilot certificate is no longer valid and may not be exchanged for a similar rating or a flight instructor certificate
- The holder of a flight instructor rating or a limited flight instructor rating on a pilot certificate may be issued a flight instructor certificate with the current ratings, but only if the person passes the required knowledge and practical test prescribed in this subpart for the issuance of the current flight instructor certificate and rating
-
-
- In any 24-consecutive-hour period, a flight instructor may not conduct more than 8 hours of flight training
-
- Except as detailed for instrument ratings, a flight instructor may not conduct flight training in any aircraft unless the flight instructor:
- Holds a flight instructor certificate with the applicable category and class rating;
- Holds a pilot certificate with the applicable category and class rating; and
- Meets the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section, if applicable
-
- A flight instructor may conduct instrument training for the issuance of an instrument rating, a type rating not limited to VFR, or the instrument training required for commercial pilot and airline transport pilot certificates if the following requirements are met:
- The flight instructor must hold an instrument rating appropriate to the aircraft used for the instrument training on his or her flight instructor certificate, and:
- Meet the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section; or
- Hold a commercial pilot certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class ratings for the aircraft in which the instrument training is conducted provided the pilot receiving instrument training holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft in which the instrument training is being conducted
- If the flight instructor is conducting the instrument training in a multiengine airplane, the flight instructor must hold an instrument rating appropriate to the aircraft used for the instrument training on his or her flight instructor certificate and meet aircraft rating requirements
-
- A flight instructor may not endorse a:
- Student pilot's logbook for solo flight privileges, unless that flight instructor has:
- Given that student the flight training required for solo flight privileges required by this part; and
- Determined that the student is prepared to conduct the flight safely under known circumstances, subject to any limitations listed in the student's logbook that the instructor considers necessary for the safety of the flight
- Student pilot's logbook for a solo cross-country flight, unless that flight instructor has determined the student's flight preparation, planning, equipment, and proposed procedures are adequate for the proposed flight under the existing conditions and within any limitations listed in the logbook that the instructor considers necessary for the safety of the flight;
- Student pilot's logbook for solo flight in a Class B airspace area or at an airport within Class B airspace unless that flight instructor has:
- Given that student ground and flight training in that Class B airspace or at that airport; and
- Determined that the student is proficient to operate the aircraft safely
- Logbook of a recreational pilot, unless that flight instructor has:
- Given that pilot the ground and flight training required by this part; and
- Determined that the recreational pilot is proficient to operate the aircraft safely
- Logbook of a pilot for a flight review, unless that instructor has conducted a review of that pilot in accordance with the requirements of § 61.56(a) of this part; or
- Logbook of a pilot for an instrument proficiency check, unless that instructor has tested that pilot in accordance with the requirements of § 61.57(d) of this part
-
- A flight instructor may not give flight instruction, including instrument training, in an aircraft that requires the pilot in command to hold a type rating unless the flight instructor holds a type rating for that aircraft on his or her pilot certificate
-
- A flight instructor may not give training required for the issuance of a certificate or rating in a multiengine airplane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift unless that flight instructor has at least 5 flight hours of pilot-in-command time in the specific make and model of multiengine airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift, as appropriate
-
- A flight instructor must perform all training from in an aircraft that complies with the requirements of § 91.109 of this chapter
- A flight instructor who provides flight training for a pilot certificate or rating issued under this part must provide that flight training in an aircraft that meets the following requirements:
- The aircraft must have at least two pilot stations and be of the same category, class, and type, if appropriate, that applies to the pilot certificate or rating sought
- For single-place aircraft, the pre-solo flight training must have been provided in an aircraft that has two pilot stations and is of the same category, class, and type, if appropriate
-
- The ground training provided to an initial applicant for a flight instructor certificate must be given by an authorized instructor who:
- Holds a ground or flight instructor certificate with the appropriate rating, has held that certificate for at least 24 calendar months, and has given at least 40 hours of ground training; or
- Holds a ground or flight instructor certificate with the appropriate rating, and has given at least 100 hours of ground training in an FAA-approved course
- Except for an instructor who meets the requirements of paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section, a flight instructor who provides training to an initial applicant for a flight instructor certificate must:
- Meet the eligibility requirements prescribed in § 61.183 of this part;
- Hold the appropriate flight instructor certificate and rating;
- Have held a flight instructor certificate for at least 24 months;
- For training in preparation for an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating, have given at least 200 hours of flight training as a flight instructor; and
- For training in preparation for a glider rating, have given at least 80 hours of flight training as a flight instructor
- A flight instructor who serves as a flight instructor in an FAA-approved course for the issuance of a flight instructor rating must hold a flight instructor certificate with the appropriate rating and pass the required initial and recurrent flight instructor proficiency tests, in accordance with the requirements of the part under which the FAA-approved course is conducted, and must:
- Meet the requirements of paragraph (h)(2) of this section; or
- Have trained and endorsed at least five applicants for a practical test for a pilot certificate, flight instructor certificate, ground instructor certificate, or an additional rating, and at least 80 percent of those applicants passed that test on their first attempt; and:
- Given at least 400 hours of flight training as a flight instructor for training in an airplane, a rotorcraft, or for a powered-lift rating; or
- Given at least 100 hours of flight training as a flight instructor, for training in a glider rating
-
- A flight instructor shall not make any self-endorsement for a certificate, rating, flight review, authorization, operating privilege, practical test, or knowledge test that is required by this part
-
- A flight instructor may not give training in Category II or Category III operations unless the flight instructor has been trained and tested in Category II or Category III operations, pursuant to § 61.67 or § 61.68 of this part, as applicable
-
- A flight instructor may not conduct training for night vision goggle operations unless the flight instructor:
- Has a pilot and flight instructor certificate with the applicable category and class rating for the training;
- If appropriate, has a type rating on his or her pilot certificate for the aircraft;
- Is pilot in command qualified for night vision goggle operations, in accordance with § 61.31(k);
- Has logged 100 night vision goggle operations as the sole manipulator of the controls;
- Has logged 20 night vision goggle operations as the sole manipulator of the controls in the category and class, and type of aircraft, if aircraft class and type is appropriate, that the training will be given in;
- Is qualified to act as pilot in command in night vision goggle operations under § 61.57(f) or (g); and
- Has a logbook endorsement from an FAA Aviation Safety Inspector or a person who is authorized by the FAA to provide that logbook endorsement that states the flight instructor is authorized to perform the night vision goggle pilot in command qualification and recent flight experience requirements under § 61.31(k) and § 61.57(f) and (g)
-
- A flight instructor may conduct flight training on control and maneuvering an airplane solely by reference to the flight instruments, provided the flight instructor:
- Holds a flight instructor certificate with the applicable category and class rating; or
- Holds an instrument rating appropriate to the aircraft used for the training on his or her flight instructor certificate, and holds a commercial pilot certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class ratings for the aircraft in which the training is conducted provided the pilot receiving the training holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft in which the training is being conducted
-
- Ground instructor certificates come in three variations:
-
- A person who holds a basic ground instructor rating is authorized to provide:
- Ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas required for the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, private pilot certificate, or associated ratings under this part;
- Ground training required for a sport pilot, recreational pilot, and private pilot flight review; and
- A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, or private pilot certificate under this part
-
- A person who holds an advanced ground instructor rating is authorized to provide:
- Ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas required for the issuance of any certificate or rating under this part except for the aeronautical knowledge areas required for an instrument rating
- The ground training required for any flight review except for the training required for an instrument rating
- A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the issuance of any certificate or rating under this part except for an instrument rating
-
- A person who holds an instrument ground instructor rating is authorized to provide:
- Ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas required for the issuance of an instrument rating under this part;
- Ground training required for an instrument proficiency check; and
- A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the issuance of an instrument rating under this part
- A person who holds a ground instructor certificate is authorized, within the limitations of the ratings on the ground instructor certificate, to endorse the logbook or other training record of a person to whom the holder has provided the training or recommendation specified in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section
-
- To be eligible for any ground instructor certificate or rating a person must:
- Be at least 18 years of age;
- Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant's ground instructor certificate as are necessary;
- Pass a knowledge test on the Fundamentals of Instructing in
- The learning process;
- Elements of effective teaching;
- Student evaluation and testing;
- Course development;
- Lesson planning; and
- Classroom training techniques
-
- With exception, see below, pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas in:
- For a basic ground instructor rating 61.97, 61.105, and 61.309;
- For an advanced ground instructor rating 61.97, 61.105, 61.125, 61.155, and 61.309; and
- For an instrument ground instructor rating, 61.65
- The FOI knowledge test is not required if the applicant:
- Holds a ground instructor certificate or flight instructor certificate issued under part 61;
- Holds a teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or
- Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university
-
- The holder of a ground instructor certificate may not perform the duties of a ground instructor unless the person can show that one of the following occurred during the preceding 12 calendar months:
- Employment or activity as a ground instructor giving pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor training;
- Employment or activity as a flight instructor giving pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor ground or flight training;
- Completion of an approved flight instructor refresher course and receipt of a graduation certificate for that course; or
- An endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person has demonstrated knowledge in the subject areas prescribed under 61.213(a)(3) and (a)(4) [See: Eligibility Requirements], as appropriate
-
- The holder of an expired flight instructor certificate who has not complied with the flight instructor renewal requirements of 61.197 may reinstate that flight instructor certificate and ratings by filing a completed and signed application with the FAA and satisfactorily completing one of the following reinstatement requirements:
- A flight instructor certification practical test, as prescribed by 61.183(h), for one of the ratings held on the expired flight instructor certificate
- A flight instructor certification practical test for an additional rating
-
- The following ratings are placed on a pilot certificate (other than student pilot) when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the rating sought:
-
- Airplane
- Rotorcraft
- Glider
- Lighter-than-air
- Powered-lift
- Powered parachute
- Weight-shift-control aircraft
-
- Single-engine land
- Multiengine land
- Single-engine sea
- Multiengine sea
-
-
-
- Weight-shift-control aircraft land
- Weight-shift-control aircraft sea
-
- Powered parachute land
- Powered parachute sea
-
- Large aircraft other than lighter-than-air
- Turbojet-powered airplanes
- Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator through the aircraft type certification procedures
- Second-in-command pilot type rating for aircraft that is certificated for operations with a minimum crew of at least two pilots
-
- Instrument-Airplane
- Instrument-Helicopter
- Instrument-Powered-lift
-
- Hold at least a current private pilot certificate, or be concurrently applying for a private pilot certificate, with an airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift rating appropriate to the instrument rating sought;
- Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet any of these requirements due to a medical condition, the Administrator may place such operating limitations on the applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft;
- Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or accomplish a home-study course of training on the aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the instrument rating sought;
- Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the required knowledge test;
- Receive and log training on the required areas of operation from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, full flight simulator, or flight training device that represents an airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate to the instrument rating sought;
- Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the required practical test;
- Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas; however, an applicant is not required to take another knowledge test when that person already holds an instrument rating; and
- Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation in:
- An airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate to the rating sought; or
- A full flight simulator or a flight training device appropriate to the rating sought and for the specific maneuver or instrument approach procedure performed. If an approved flight training device is used for the practical test, the instrument approach procedures conducted in that flight training device are limited to one precision and one nonprecision approach, provided the flight training device is approved for the procedure performed
-
- A person who applies for an instrument rating must have received and logged ground training from an authorized instructor or accomplished a home-study course on the following aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the instrument rating sought:
- Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that apply to flight operations under IFR;
- Appropriate information that applies to flight operations under IFR in the "Aeronautical Information Manual;"
- Air traffic control system and procedures for instrument flight operations;
- IFR navigation and approaches by use of navigation systems;
- Use of IFR en route and instrument approach procedure charts;
- Procurement and use of aviation weather reports and forecasts and the elements of forecasting weather trends based on that information and personal observation of weather conditions;
- Safe and efficient operation of aircraft under instrument flight rules and conditions;
- Recognition of critical weather situations and windshear avoidance;
- Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
- Crew resource management, including crew communication and coordination
-
- A person who applies for an instrument rating must receive and log training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device, in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section, that includes the following areas of operation:
-
-
-
- The FAA requires a high-altitude endorsement to act as pilot in command of a pressurized airplane with a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude above 25,000 feet
- Note that no rating is required by pilots flying nonpressurized airplanes
- Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), and (e) of this section, to be eligible for a practical test for a certificate or rating issued under this part, an applicant must:
- Pass the required knowledge test:
- Within the 24-calendar-month period preceding the month the applicant completes the practical test, if a knowledge test is required; or
- Within the 60-calendar month period preceding the month the applicant completes the practical test for those applicants who complete the airline transport pilot certification training program in § 61.156 and pass the knowledge test for an airline transport pilot certificate with a multiengine class rating after July 31, 2014;
- Present the knowledge test report at the time of application for the practical test, if a knowledge test is required;
- Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the aeronautical experience prescribed by this part for the certificate or rating sought, and if applying for the practical test with flight time accomplished under § 61.159(c), present a copy of the records required by § 135.63(a)(4)(vi) and (x) of this chapter;
- Hold at least a third-class medical certificate, if a medical certificate is required;
- Meet the prescribed age requirement of this part for the issuance of the certificate or rating sought;
- Have an endorsement, if required by this part, in the applicant's logbook or training record that has been signed by an authorized instructor who certifies that the applicant:
- Has received and logged training time within 2 calendar months preceding the month of application in preparation for the practical test;
- Is prepared for the required practical test; and
- Has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test; and
- Have a completed and signed application form
- An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate obtained concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating may take the practical test with an expired knowledge test only if the applicant passed the knowledge test after July 31, 2014, and is employed:
- As a flightcrew member by a part 119 certificate holder conducting operations under parts 125 or 135 of this chapter at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved pilot-in-command training or checking program; or
- As a flightcrew member by a part 119 certificate holder conducting operations under part 121 of this chapter at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved initial training program; or
- By the U.S. Armed Forces as a flight crewmember in U.S. military air transport operations at the time of the practical test and has completed the pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is appropriate to the pilot certificate and rating sought
- An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rating other than those ratings set forth in paragraph (b) of this section may take the practical test for that certificate or rating with an expired knowledge test report, provided that the applicant is employed:
- As a flightcrew member by a part 119 certificate holder conducting operations under parts 125 or 135 of this chapter at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved pilot-in-command training or checking program; or
- By the U.S. Armed Forces as a flight crewmember in U.S. military air transport operations at the time of the practical test and has completed the pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is appropriate to the pilot certificate and rating sought
- In addition to the requirements in paragraph (a) of this section, to be eligible for a practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or airline transport pilot certificate obtained concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating, an applicant must:
- If the applicant passed the knowledge test after July 31, 2014, present the graduation certificate for the airline transport pilot certification training program in § 61.156, at the time of application for the practical test;
- If applying for the practical test under the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.160(a), the applicant must present the documents required by that section to substantiate eligibility; and
- If applying for the practical test under the aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.160(b), (c), or (d), the applicant must present an official transcript and certifying document from an institution of higher education that holds a letter of authorization from the Administrator under § 61.169
- A person is not required to comply with the provisions of paragraph (a)(6) of this section if that person:
- Holds a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation that authorizes at least the privileges of the pilot certificate sought;
- Is only applying for a type rating; or
- Is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate or an additional rating to an airline transport pilot certificate in an aircraft that does not require an aircraft type rating practical test
- If all increments of the practical test for a certificate or rating are not completed on the same date, then all the remaining increments of the test must be completed within 2 calendar months after the month the applicant began the test
- If all increments of the practical test for a certificate or rating are not completed within 2 calendar months after the month the applicant began the test, the applicant must retake the entire practical test
- You must wait one full year from the date of revocation before you can reapply for a pilot certificate
- To be issued a new airman certificate following revocation, an individual must retake all tests, whether written, oral, or practical
- Any experience requirements for the new certificate may be met with flight time obtained before the revocation
- Applicants for a combined Private Pilot Certificate with Instrument Rating, in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.65(a) and (g), must pass all areas designated in the Private Pilot for Airplane ACS and the Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS. Evaluators need not duplicate Tasks. For example, only one preflight demonstration would be required; however, the Preflight Task from the Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS would be more extensive than the Preflight Task from the Private Pilot for Airplane ACS to ensure readiness for Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight. Applicants for a combined test must present the applicable test reports
- A combined certificate and rating evaluation should be treated as one practical test, requiring only one application and resulting in only one temporary certificate, disapproval notice, or letter of discontinuance, as applicable. Failure of any Task will result in a failure of the entire test and application. Therefore, even if the deficient maneuver was instrument related and the performance of all visual flight rules (VFR) Tasks was determined to be satisfactory, the applicant will receive a notice of disapproval
The applicant demonstrates understanding of.
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
-
-
Flying unfamiliar airplanes, or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems, and avionics.
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
-
Apply requirements to act as PIC under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in a scenario given by the evaluator.
- Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with airman and medical certificates including privileges, limitations, currency, and operating as pilot-incommand as a commercial pilot
- References: 14 CFR parts 61, 68, 91, 119.1(e); AC 68-1; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge)
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
-
Apply requirements to act as pilot-in-command (PIC) under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in a scenario given by the evaluator.
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:
-
-
-
Fitness for flight and physiological factors that might affect the pilot's ability to fly under instrument conditions
-
The applicant exhibits the skill to:
-
Apply requirements to act as pilot-in-command (PIC) under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) in a scenario given by the evaluator
- It is required for pilots to maintain their contact address with the FAA
- Pilots with multiple certificates may only to exercise the privileges of the certificate under which you're flying
- Learn more about adding ratings and endorsements to your certificate using ratings and endorsements page
- Note: An applicant seeking to add an additional category or class to an existing certificate must comply with 14 CFR section 61.63, as applicable
- Note that Transportation Safety Administration Policy requires foreign pilot students to complete the Flight Training Security Program (FTSP) before they are eligible for to conduct flight training within the U.S.
- The FAA offers study materials for the remote pilot aeronautical knowledge test
- Learn more about the FAA's interpretation of certificates, ratings, and endorsements here
- Still looking for something? Continue searching: