WARNING:
All aeromedical topics are GENERALIZED.
Always consult with a doctor or physician to understand your specific situation
Possible Causes of Hyperventilation:
- Hyperventilation is an abnormal increase in the volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs [Figure 1]
- Stress
- Panic
- Anxiety
- Hypoxia
- Decreased carbon dioxide in blood
- Under conditions of stress and anxiety, a person's body reacts automatically to such stimuli, whether the danger be imaginary or real
- One of these automatic reactions is a marked increase in breathing rate, which results in a significant decrease in the carbon dioxide content of the blood, which is necessary to regulate the breathing process automatically
Hyperventilation Symptoms:
- As hyperventilation "blows off" excessive carbon dioxide from the body, a pilot can experience symptoms of:
- Lightheadedness
- Nausea
- Suffocation
- Drowsiness
- Tingling in the extremities
- Coolness
- Dry mouth
- Blurred vision
- Rapid pulse and breathing rate
- Early symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to those of hypoxia and some to ordinary airsickness
- Symptoms of both are not unique, and several can occur at the same time
- Therefore, if a pilot is using an oxygen system when experiencing symptoms, the oxygen regulator should immediately be set to deliver 100%, and the system should be checked to ensure that it has been functioning effectively before giving attention to the rate and depth of breathing
- Symptoms of both are not unique, and several can occur at the same time
- Symptoms can easily cause confusion and panic, which only aggravates the problem by further increasing anxiety and, thus, the breathing rate
Effects of Hyperventilation:
- First and foremost, hyperventilation can be a significant distraction to the safe operation of the aircraft
- Incapacitation can eventually result from a lack of coordination, disorientation, and painful muscle spasms
- Eventually, unconsciousness can occur
Recovering from Hyperventilation:
- The symptoms of hyperventilation subside within a few minutes after the rate and depth of breathing are consciously brought back under control
- The buildup of carbon dioxide in the body can be hastened by talking loudly or controlled breathing in and out of a paper bag held over the nose and mouth
- This method does not force you to breathe carbon dioxide but instead forces you to think about your breathing rate
- This method may increase carbon dioxide levels too quickly, leaving it as a last resort
- Recovery will occur within a few minutes
- This method does not force you to breathe carbon dioxide but instead forces you to think about your breathing rate
- Remove the cause of stress, panic, or anxiety as able
- If the source is an emergency that must be dealt with immediately, take a moment and remember your emergency procedure training
- If incapacitation occurs, then the body will naturally recover from the situation and slow the breathing rate
Hyperventilation Case Studies:
- NTSB Identification: ATL90LA025 The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: Pilot's temporary physical condition (possible hyperventilation or anxiety attack). Soft terrain in the emergency landing was considered to be a related factor
- NTSB Identification: DEN82DA125 The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: Physical impairment (other organic problem of the pilot in command
- NTSB Identification: MIA78DLA01 The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot in command's misjudgment of distance and speed and physical impairment from hyperventilation
Private Pilot - Human Factors Airman Certification Standards:
- Satisfy the requirements of Section I, Task H by determining that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with personal health, flight physiology, aeromedical and human factors, as it relates to safety of flight
Human Factors Knowledge:
The applicant must demonstrate an understanding of:PA.I.H.K1:
The symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues including:-
PA.I.H.K1a:
Hypoxia -
PA.I.H.K1b:
Hyperventilation -
PA.I.H.K1c:
Middle ear and sinus problems -
PA.I.H.K1d:
Spatial Disorientation PA.I.H.K1e:
Motion sickness-
PA.I.H.K1f:
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning -
PA.I.H.K1g:
Stress -
PA.I.H.K1h:
Fatigue PA.I.H.K1i:
Dehydration and nutritionPA.I.H.K1j:
Hypothermia-
PA.I.H.K1k:
Optical Illusions -
PA.I.H.K1l:
Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives
-
-
PA.I.H.K2:
Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs -
PA.I.H.K3:
Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications -
PA.I.H.K4:
Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)
Human Factors Risk Management:
The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks encompassing:PA.I.H.R1:
Aeromedical and physiological issues-
PA.I.H.R2:
Hazardous attitudes PA.I.H.R3:
Distractions, loss of situational awareness, or improper task management
Human Factors Skills:
The applicant demonstrates the ability to:PA.I.H.S1:
Associate the symptoms and effects for at least three of the conditions listed in K1a through K1l above with the cause(s) and corrective action(s)PA.I.H.S2:
Perform self-assessment, including fitness for flight and personal minimums, for actual flight or a scenario given by the evaluator
Hyperventilation Knowledge Quiz:
Conclusion:
- Hyperventilation is simply a matter of breathing too rapidly
- It is seldom completely incapacitating, but it does produce one or more of the symptoms that are disturbing, if not alarming, to the uninformed pilot
- Hyperventilation can look just like hypoxia, depending on the symptoms displayed, and has resulted in numerous fatal accidents
- Understand the symptoms and how you will recognize them in yourself and your passengers, along with the appropriate recovery method
- Still looking for something? Continue searching:
References:
- Advisory Circular 61-21A - Flight Training Handbook (Chapter 1) Hyperventilation
- Aeronautical Information Manual (8-1-3) Hyperventilation in Flight
- Federal Aviation Administration - Hyperventilation
- Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary
- Encyclopedia Britannica - Hyperventilation
- Flight Training Handbook (Chapter 1) Hyperventilation