Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Introduction

Schedule:

Topic:

Time:

Attention/Motivator:

0:05

Part 1, Lesson Introduction:

0:05

Part 2, Cockpit Instrumentation Review:

1:15

Part 3, Straight and Level Flight:

1:15

Part 4, Straight and Level Flight Guided Scenario:

0:20

Part 5, Lesson Conclusion:

0:05

Remotivation/Closure:

0:05

Total Ground Time:

0:00
Attention Getter:
- Research a mishap case study:
  - .
- Discuss how the initial conditions developed into an incident/accident/mishap.
- Relate similar personal experiences of the same type of incident/accident/mishap.
- Consider incorporating a case study as a guided scenario.
Motivator:
- .

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Materials

Required Materials:
- Writing instrument (pen, marker, etc.).
- Writing surface (paper, whiteboard, etc.).
- Internet connection (computer, tablet, smartphone, etc.).
- Phone (for preflight briefing).
- Personal Weather Minimums Worksheet.
- Airman Certification Standards.
- Student jacket.
Optional Materials:
- Pilot Operating Handbook, Electronic Flight Bag.
- Instructor endorsement log.
Reference Materials:
- Aircraft Weather and Atmosphere Supplement.
- Mountain Flying Supplement.
- Pilot Logbooks Supplement.
- Air Masses and Weather Fronts Supplement.
- Clouds in the Aviation Environment Supplement.
- Turbulence Supplement.
- Thunderstorms Supplement.
- Microbursts Supplement.
- Icing in the Aviation Environment Supplement.
- Aviation Fog Supplement.
- Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) Supplement.
- Terminal Area Forecast (TAF) Supplement.
- Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) Supplement.
- Surface Analysis Chart Supplement.
- Winds and Temperatures Aloft Supplement.
- Convective Outlook Supplement.
- In-Flight Weather Advisories Supplement.
- Pilot Reports Supplement.
- Preflight Briefing Supplement.
- Federal Aviation Regulations Part 91.
- Advisory Circular (91-92) Pilot's Guide to a Preflight Briefing.
- Aeronautical Information Manual.
- Risk Management Handbook.
- Airplane Flying Handbook.
- Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge.
- Airman Certification Standards:
  - Hard copies of the ACS and Oral Exam Guides are available on Amazon.
  - Digital copies of the ACS are available on the FAA's website.

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Instructor Actions

Before the lesson, review reference materials.
Part 1, Lesson Introduction:
- Review the lesson plan, including the attention and motivator.
- Review the airman certification standards.

Explain that accurate interpretation of flight instruments is fundamental to safe IFR operations.

Set expectations for understanding both normal operation and failure indications.

Part 2, Pitot-Static Instrument System:

Introduce pitot-static system
Introduce pitot-static failure modes (Pitot-tube blockages, static port blockages.
Disucss assocaited pitot-static system instruments:
- Discuss Airspeed Indiator:
  - Review airspeed indicator function.
  - Review airspeed indicator readings.
  - Review airspeed indicator malfunctions & anamalies.
- Discuss Altimeter:
  - Review altimeter function.
  - Review altimeter readings.
  - Review altimeter malfunctions & anamalies.
- Discuss Vertical Speed Indicator:
  - Review vertical speed indicator function.
  - Review vertical speed indicator readings.
  - Review vertical speed indicator malfunctions & anamalies.
Explain how pressure changes affect instrument indications.
Demonstrate normal indications during climbs, descents, and level flight.
Discuss common failures (pitot blockage, static blockage) and resulting instrument errors.
Require the student to identify failure indications and corrective actions.

Part 3, Gyroscopic Systems:

Introduce gyroscopic instruments (attitude indicator, heading indicator, turn coordinator). (ACS: IR.II.B.K1b)
Discuss Attitude Indicator:
- Review attitude indicator function.
- Review attitude indicator readings.
- Review attitude indicator malfunctions & anamalies.
Discuss Attitude Indicator:
- Review attitude indicator function.
- Review attitude indicator readings.
- Review attitude indicator malfunctions & anamalies.
Discuss Heading Indicator:
- Review heading indicator function.
- Review heading indicator readings.
- Review heading indicator malfunctions & anamalies.
Explain rigidity in space and precession.
Discuss vacuum and electric system dependencies.
Demonstrate normal instrument indications and scan integration.
Discuss instrument failure scenarios (vacuum failure, gyro tumble).
Require the student to identify unreliable instruments and transition to partial panel.

Part 4, Navigation Equipment:

Introduce navigation systems (VOR, GPS, RNAV).
Discuss interpretation of navigation displays and CDI indications.
Explain proper setup and verification of navigation equipment before flight.
Discuss limitations of navigation systems, including signal loss, database errors, and equipment malfunctions.
Demonstrate cross-checking navigation sources to verify accuracy.

Part 5, Instrument Integration:

Demonstrate proper instrument cross-check using primary/supporting method.
Explain instrument interpretation versus raw data reading.
Discuss integration of flight instruments and navigation instruments during IFR operations.
Require the student to interpret combined instrument indications to determine aircraft attitude and position.

Part 6, Risk Management:

Discuss risks associated with instrument failure and unreliable indications.
Discuss spatial disorientation resulting from improper instrument interpretation.
Discuss risks associated with task saturation and loss of situational awareness.
Discuss overreliance on automation and failure to cross-check instruments.
Discuss operating unfamiliar avionics systems and associated risks.

Part 7, Application:

Require the student to explain instrument indications during various phases of flight.
Present abnormal scenarios (blocked pitot, vacuum failure, GPS outage).
Have the student diagnose instrument failures using cross-check.
Require the student to verbalize corrective actions and backup strategies.

Part 8, Straight-and-Level Flight Guided Scenario:

Lead a guided scenario.

Part 9, Lesson Conclusion:

Present the remotivation, conclude, and provide guidance for follow-on lessons.
Review student actions required ahead of the next lesson.

Update instructor endorsement records and the student's jacket, as required.

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Guided Scenario(s)

How can a pilot recognize they are in straight and level flight? What are the instrument indications?
How may a pilot perform a cross-check of the available information to observe straight and level flight as well as make corrections for any deviation?
As a pilot travels over a distance, what instrument limitations must be compensated for?
While in cruise flight, the pilot decides to slow down
- What is happening to the aircraft's thrust? Drag? Pitch? AoA?

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Student Actions

Complete the assigned readings (see content above).
Complete a personal weather minimums worksheet.
Complete or review AOPA's Online Learning Course - Weather or Not Thunderstorm Challenge.
Ask pertinent questions.
Perform self-assessment, including fitness for flight and personal minimums, as appropriate.
Make a go/no-go decision, as appropriate.

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment Airman Certification Standards

Objective: To determine whether the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with managing instruments appropriate for an IFR flight.
References: 14 CFR part 91; AC 90-100, AC 90-105, AC 90-107, AC 91-78, AC 91.21-1; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge).

Instrument Rating - Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment Knowledge:

The applicant must demonstrate understanding of:.

IR.II.B.K1:
Operation of the aircraft's applicable flight instrument system(s), including:.
- IR.II.B.K1a:
  Pitot-static instrument system and associated instruments.
- IR.II.B.K1b:
  Gyroscopic/electric/vacuum instrument system and associated instruments.
- IR.II.B.K1c:
  Electrical systems, electronic flight instrument displays [primary flight display (PFD), multifunction display (MFD)], transponder and automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B).
- IR.II.B.K1d:
  Magnetic compass.
IR.II.B.K2:
Operation of the aircraft's applicable navigation system(s), including:.
- IR.II.B.K2a:
  Very high frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR), distance measuring equipment (DME), instrument landing system (ILS), marker beacon receiver/indicators.
- IR.II.B.K2b:
  Area navigation (RNAV), global positioning system (GPS), Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), flight management system (FMS), autopilot.
IR.II.B.K3:
Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.

Instrument Rating - Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment Risk Management:

The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risks associated with:.

IR.II.B.R1:
Monitoring and management of automated systems.
IR.II.B.R2:
Difference between approved and non-approved navigation devices.
IR.II.B.R3:
Modes of flight and navigation instruments, including failure conditions.
IR.II.B.R4:
Use of an electronic flight bag.
IR.II.B.R5:
Use of navigation databases.

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Conclusion

Re-Motivation:
Closure:
- Advise students that this lesson will be used as a starting point for the next lesson.
- Assign study materials for the next lesson.

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Introduction

Schedule:

Attention Getter:

Motivator:

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Materials

Required Materials:

Optional Materials:

Reference Materials:

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Instructor Actions

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Guided Scenario(s)

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Student Actions

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment Airman Certification Standards

Instrument Rating - Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment Knowledge:

IR.II.B.K1:

IR.II.B.K1a:

IR.II.B.K1b:

IR.II.B.K1c:

IR.II.B.K1d:

IR.II.B.K2:

IR.II.B.K2a:

IR.II.B.K2b:

IR.II.B.K3:

Instrument Rating - Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment Risk Management:

IR.II.B.R1:

IR.II.B.R2:

IR.II.B.R3:

IR.II.B.R4:

IR.II.B.R5:

Instrument Rating - Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment Skills:

IR.II.B.R1:

IR.II.B.R2:

Instrument Rating Aircraft Flight Instruments & Navigation Equipment Lesson Plan Conclusion

Re-Motivation:

Closure: