Attention:
- Research a mishap case study:
- Discuss how the initial conditions developed into an incident/accident/mishap
- Relate similar personal experiences of the same type of incident/accident/mishap
- Consider incorporating a case study as a guided scenario
Motivator:
- Crosswind approaches and landings are extentions of normal procedures/maneuvers [Figure 1]
- The purpose of this maneuver is to safely execute a approach and landing under crosswind conditions (i.e., hard surface, minimal wind, plenty of available landing distance)
- Crosswind approaches and landings are closely related to the performance of flight at minimum controllable airspeeds
Overview:
Topic:
Time:
Introduction:
0:05
Crosswind Approach and Landing:
0:15
Review (quiz):
0:05
Case Studies:
0:05
Total Ground Time:
0:30
Required Materials:
- Paper, Pen, Marker, Whiteboard
Instructor Actions:
Student Actions:
- Complete assigned reading (see content above)
- Ask pertinent questions
- Perform self-assessment, including fitness for flight and personal minimums, as appropriate
- Make a go/no-go decision, as appropriate
Private Pilot (Airplane) Crosswind Approach and Landing Airman Certification Standards:
- Note, there is no callout to crosswind approach and landing in the airman certification standards
- Instead, it is a crosswind approach and landing with the introduction of crosswind applications
- Objective: To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of flight controls
- Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing
- References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-23 (Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook), FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge); POH/AFM
Private Pilot (Airplane) Crosswind Approach and Landing Knowledge:
The applicant demonstrates understanding of:-
PA.IV.B.K1:
A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts. -
PA.IV.B.K2:
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance. -
PA.IV.B.K3:
Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
Private Pilot (Airplane) Crosswind Approach and Landing Risk Management:
The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:-
PA.IV.B.R1:
Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind. -
PA.IV.B.R2:
Effects of:-
PA.IV.B.R2a:
Crosswind. -
PA.IV.B.R2b:
Windshear. -
PA.IV.B.R2c:
Tailwind. -
PA.IV.B.R2d:
Wake turbulence. -
PA.IV.B.R2e:
Runway surface/condition.
-
-
PA.IV.B.R3:
Planning for:-
PA.IV.B.R3a:
Rejected landing and go-around. -
PA.IV.B.R3b:
Land and hold short operations (LAHSO).
-
-
PA.IV.B.R4:
Collision hazards. -
PA.IV.B.R5:
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). -
PA.IV.B.R6:
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
Private Pilot (Airplane) Crosswind Approach and Landing Skills:
The applicant exhibits the skill to:-
PA.IV.B.S1:
Complete the appropriate checklist(s). -
PA.IV.B.S2:
Make radio calls as appropriate. -
PA.IV.B.S3:
Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface. -
PA.IV.B.S4:
Scan the runway or landing surface and the adjoining area for traffic and obstructions. -
PA.IV.B.S5:
Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind, landing surface, and obstructions. -
PA.IV.B.S6:
Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach. -
PA.IV.B.S7:
Maintain manufacturer’s published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied. -
PA.IV.B.S8:
Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing. -
PA.IV.B.S9:
Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown. -
PA.IV.B.S10:
Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path. -
PA.IV.B.S11:
Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing. -
PA.IV.B.S12:
Utilize runway incursion avoidance procedures.
Re-Motivation:
Closure:
- Advise students that this lesson will be used as a starting point for the next lesson
- Assign study materials for the next lesson
Conclusion:
- Hard copies of the ACS and Oral Exam Guides are available on Amazon.
- Digital copies of the ACS are available on the FAA's website at https://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/acs/.
- The FAA provides guidance for test taking at: https://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/pilot_tips/
- Test guides can be found on the FAA's website at: http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/test_guides/media/faa-g-8082-17i.pdf
- To learn more about earning the practical test, visit the checkride page