Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Introduction

Schedule:

Topic:

Time:

Part 1, Introduction:

0:05

Part 2, Factors Impacting Takeoff Performance:

0:10

Part 3, Takeoff Performance Calculations:

0:10

Part 4, Factors Impacting Climb Performance:

0:10

Part 5, Climb Performance Calculations:

0:10

Part 6, Normal Takeoff & Climb Procedures:

0:10

Part 7, Anomalies and Malfunctions:

0:10

Part 8, Risk Management and Safety:

0:10

Part 9, Guided Scenario(s):

0:15

Part 10, Conclude Lesson:

0:10

Remotivation/Closure:

0:05

Total Ground Time:

0:00
Attention Getter:
- Research a mishap case study:
  - Takeoff and Climb Case Studies.
- Discuss how the initial conditions developed into an incident/accident/mishap.
- Relate similar personal experiences of the same type of incident/accident/mishap.
- Consider incorporating a case study as a guided scenario.
Motivator:
- Normal aircraft takeoffs are the most basic of all takeoff procedures/maneuvers.
- The purpose of this maneuver is to safely execute a takeoff under normal conditions (i.e., hard surface, minimal wind, plenty of available takeoff distance).
- Normal takeoffs are closely related to the performance of flight at minimum controllable airspeeds.
- While this procedure is for normal landing, assuming the wind is blowing right down the runway, that will almost never be the case.

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Materials

Required Materials:
- Writing instrument (pen, marker, etc.).
- Writing surface (paper, whiteboard, etc.).
- Weight and Balance worksheet.
- Pilot Information/Operating Handbook.
- Airman Certification Standards.
- Student jacket.
Optional Materials:
- Personal Weather Minimums Worksheet.
- Instructor endorsement log.
Reference Materials:
- Federal Aviation Regulations Part 91.
- Federal Aviation Regulations Part 93.
- Aeronautical Information Manual.
- Risk Management Handbook.
- Airplane Flying Handbook.
- Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook.
- Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge.
- Airman Certification Standards:
  - Hard copies of the ACS and Oral Exam Guides are available on Amazon.
  - Digital copies of the ACS are available on the FAA's website.

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Instructor Actions

Before the lesson, review reference materials.
Part 1, Introduce the lesson:
- Review the lesson plan, including the attention and motivator.
- Review the airman certification standards.
- Introduce normal takeoff and climb.
Part 2, Factors Impacting Takeoff Performance:
- Introduce surface wind impacts to normal takeoff and climb performance, including determining wind direction with or without visual indicators.
- Introduce wind shear impacts to normal takeoff and climb performance.
- Introduce wake turbulence considerations during normal takeoff and climb.
- Introduce outside air temperature and field elevation/density altitude impacts to normal takeoff and climb performance.
- Introduce runway surface condition impacts to normal takeoff and climb.
- Introduce runway slope impacts to normal takeoff and climb.
- Introduce gross weight center of gravity impacts and to normal takeoff and climb.
- Introduce power settings impacts to normal takeoff and climb.
- Introduce flight profile impacts to normal takeoff and climb.
- Introduce nose strut slope impacts to normal takeoff and climb.
- Introduce tire pressure impacts to normal takeoff and climb.
Part 3, Takeoff Performance Calculations:
- Review Performance and Limitations lesson plan (as appropriate), specifically takeoff and climb performance.
- Review weight & balance performance calculation.
Part 4, Factors Impacting Climb Performance:
- Introduce best rate/best angle of climb.
Part 5, Climb Performance Calculations:
- Introduce determining Top-of-Climb (TOC), connecting TOC's relevance in cross-country flight planning.
- Introduce determining climb gradient, connecting climb gradient to departure procedure flight planning.
- Introduce determining rate-of-climb requirements, connecting climb rate to obstacle avoidance.
Part 6, Normal Takeoff & Climb Procedures:
- Review taxiing, as required.
- Introduce aircraft configuration considerations.
- Introduce normal takeoff procedures.
- Introduce multiengine considerations, as appropriate.
- Introduce normal takeoff common errors.
- Introduce rejected takeoff considerations.
Part 7, Anomalies and Malfunctions:
- Introduce potential emergency procedures during normal takeoff & climb.
- Introduce aborted/rejected takeoffs.
Part 8, Normal Takeoff and Climb Risk Management:
- Introduce collision hazards.
- Introduce low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin and controlled flight into terrain risks.
- Introduce distractions, task prioritization, situational awareness, and disorientation.
- Introduce runway incursion risks.
Part 9, Guided Scenario(s):
Part 10, Conclude Lesson:
- Discuss risk management: Is this procedure low, medium, or high risk?
- Disucss calculated versus actual performance.
- Relate lesson to power-on stalls.
- Present the remotivation, conclude, and provide guidance for follow-on lessons.
- Review student actions required ahead of the next lesson.
Update instructor endorsement records and the student's jacket, as required.

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Guided Scenario(s)

Phase 1 – Preflight Decision Making:
- A pilot is planning a training flight in the local area. They remembered always reviewing takeoff performance during flight training so they get to it.
  - Question: What Federal Aviation Regulation discuss takeoff and climb? What do they say?
  - What factors are affecting your takeoff performance today?
  - How does density altitude impact: Takeoff roll? Climb rate?
  - Is this still a "normal" takeoff? / At this point, is this low, medium, or high risk according to personal minimums?
- A pilot heard about noise abatement procedures
  - Where are noise abatement procedures found?
  - What are the noise abatement procedures for the local training airport?
Phase 2 – Performance Validation:
- Perform a takeoff calculation as it relates to the scenario if not already completed.
- If a pilot was flying somewhere for lunch and returning home that same day:
  - Considerations when flying from an altitude at lower elevation to one that is higher in elevation?
  - Considerations when flying from a cold area to warm area? Vice versa?
  - Considerations whenf lying from a prepared surface to unprepared surface? Vice versa?
- Given the distance, where should runway rotation occur (visually)?
- Using a rule of thumb which states achieving 70% by 50% of the runway, where and at what speed is the abort criteria evaluated?
  - Are there any other factors?
Runway & Risk Adjustment:
- While taxiing using appropriate taxi corrections, the pilot notices the winds are different than expected.
  - How does even a small tailwind affect takeoff performance?
  - Should a new runway be chosen?
Takeoff Roll (Real-Time Coaching):
- Discuss steps from clearance to takeoff.
- You are halfway down the runway and not airborne yet.
  - How does a pilot recognize loss of performance? What is normal RPM expected?
  - Continue or reject?
  - What cues tell you performance is insufficient?
  - Where is your abort point?
- The pilot, unsatisfied with the aircraft's performance decides to abort.
  - What is the appropriate procedure?
  - What considerations are there for aborting a takeoff at 10 knots? 25 knots? 50 knots? Snow, Rain, Ice?
  - What considerations are there for the environmentals?
A heavy aircraft just departed and the controller states "caution, wake turbulence."
- Do you delay takeoff?
- Where is the hazard?
Crosswind Considerations:
- How do control inputs change as the aircraft accelerates?
- How does the pilot manage the liftoff/transition to climb?
Initial Climb Emergency:
- Shortly after liftoff, climb performance is poor.
  - Are you achieving expected airspeed?
  - V_x or V_y - which do you use and why?
  - What is your plan if the engine fails right now?
Assuming a good aircraft in a climb, there are trees on the departure:
- Do you use Vx or Vy?
- When do you transition?
On climbout, an aircraft is seen above you crossing from left to right.
- Who has right-of-way?
- Continue climb or maneuver?
- Collision avoidance priorities?
Reflections:
- Would you have departed today?
- What would you change?
- What was your biggest risk?
Related scenarios:
- Private Pilot (Airplane) Power-On Stalls Guided Scenario

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Student Actions

Complete the assigned readings (see content above).
Ask pertinent questions.
Perform self-assessment, including fitness for flight and personal minimums, as appropriate.
Make a go/no-go decision, as appropriate.

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Airman Certification Standards

Objective: To determine whether the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with normal takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.
Note: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of crosswind elements must be evaluated through oral testing.
References: AIM; FAA-H-8083-2 (Risk Management Handbook), FAA-H-8083-3 (Airplane Flying Handbook), FAA-H-8083-23 (Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook), FAA-H-8083-25 (Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge); POH/AFM.

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff and Climb Knowledge:

The applicant demonstrates an understanding of:

PA.IV.A.K1:
Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.A.K2:
Best angle of climb speed (V_X) and best rate of climb speed (V_Y).
PA.IV.A.K3:
Appropriate airplane configuration.

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff and Climb Risk Management:

The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risks associated with:

PA.IV.A.R1:
Selection of runway or takeoff path based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.A.R2:
Effects of:
- PA.IV.A.R2a:
  Crosswind.
- PA.IV.A.R2b:
  Windshear.
- PA.IV.A.R2c:
  Tailwind.
- PA.IV.A.R2d:
  Wake turbulence.
- PA.IV.A.R2e:
  Runway surface/condition.
PA.IV.A.R3:
Abnormal operations, to include planning for:
- PA.IV.A.R3a:
  Rejected takeoff.
- PA.IV.A.R3b:
  Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight.
PA.IV.A.R4:
Collision hazards.
PA.IV.A.R5:
Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.A.R6:
Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.A.R7:
Runway incursion.

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff and Climb Skills:

The applicant exhibits the skills to:

PA.IV.A.S1:
Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.A.S2:
Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.A.S3:
Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.
PA.IV.A.S4:
Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.A.S5:
Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.A.S6:
Clear the area; taxi into takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway centerline (ASEL, AMEL) or takeoff path (ASES, AMES).
- PA.IV.A.S6a:
  Retract the water rudders, as appropriate (ASES, AMES).
PA.IV.A.S7:
Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
- PA.IV.A.S7a:
  Establish and maintain the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and correct for porpoising or skipping (ASES, AMES).
PA.IV.A.S8:
Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s) (ASES, AMES).
PA.IV.A.S9:
Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to V_Y.
PA.IV.A.S10:
[Archived].
PA.IV.A.S11:
Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the manufacturer's recommended speed or V_Y, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.A.S12:
Configure the airplane in accordance with manufacturer's guidance.
PA.IV.A.S13:
Maintain V_y +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.A.S14:
Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.A.S15:
noise abatement procedures, as applicable.

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Conclusion

Re-Motivation:
- "Normal takeoff" assumes favorable conditions - which may not exist Takeoff/climb is a high-risk phase (low altitude, high AOA, low margin).
- Performance calculations are meaningless without:
  - Continuous evaluation.
  - Abort planning.
  - Real-time decision making.
Closure:
- The FAA provides test-taking guidance and test guides on its website.
- To learn more about earning the practical test, visit the checkride page.
- Advise students that this lesson will be used as a starting point for the next lesson.
- Assign study materials for the next lesson.

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Introduction

Schedule:

Attention Getter:

Motivator:

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Materials

Required Materials:

Optional Materials:

Reference Materials:

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Instructor Actions

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Guided Scenario(s)

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Student Actions

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Airman Certification Standards

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff and Climb Knowledge:

PA.IV.A.K1:

PA.IV.A.K2:

PA.IV.A.K3:

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff and Climb Risk Management:

PA.IV.A.R1:

PA.IV.A.R2:

PA.IV.A.R2a:

PA.IV.A.R2b:

PA.IV.A.R2c:

PA.IV.A.R2d:

PA.IV.A.R2e:

PA.IV.A.R3:

PA.IV.A.R3a:

PA.IV.A.R3b:

PA.IV.A.R4:

PA.IV.A.R5:

PA.IV.A.R6:

PA.IV.A.R7:

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff and Climb Skills:

PA.IV.A.S1:

PA.IV.A.S2:

PA.IV.A.S3:

PA.IV.A.S4:

PA.IV.A.S5:

PA.IV.A.S6:

PA.IV.A.S6a:

PA.IV.A.S7:

PA.IV.A.S7a:

PA.IV.A.S8:

PA.IV.A.S9:

PA.IV.A.S10:

PA.IV.A.S11:

PA.IV.A.S12:

PA.IV.A.S13:

PA.IV.A.S14:

PA.IV.A.S15:

Private Pilot (Airplane) Normal Takeoff & Climb Lesson Plan Conclusion

Re-Motivation:

Closure: